Race War! Angry Immigrants! No, this is not the 21st century, but the 4th, in 376 CE.
The fall of the Roman Empire is admittedly a difficult subject to adequately explain, but the Gothic Wars and the defeat at Adrianople clearly should top any list. For the first time, the Roman Empire's boundaries were permanently reduced, and a barbarian tribe had breached the Rhine-Danube limes.
Far smarter intellectuals than I have tried to explain why Empires fall, but the aptly named Barbero provides a great analysis, zeroing in on the barbarian factor. The damage inflicted on the Empire, both materially and militarily, by the Gothic invasion, should not be understated.
History is sometimes like a pinball or domino game (to use the Vietnam war analogy). In short, the Huns migrated and pushed the Goths who migrated and pushed the Romans. So it can be said, but passion deserves its place too. Barbero presents this story of the Huns, Goths, and Romans in as exciting a way as the very popular Game of Thrones / A Song of Ice and Fire presents the story of Westeros, Jon Snow, wildlings and the horrific Others.
Like Westeros, by 376 the Roman Empire is no longer the unassailable powerhouse of an earlier era. Weakened by civil wars and grinding depopulation, the Empire 2.0 is now an authoritarian, top heavy structure that responds more to bureaucratic ideology and elitist market pressures than on the grounds popular needs. We see an unsettled era governed by out of touch elites, obviously raising unsettling questions for our own time.
Barbero examines the perils of mass immigration badly handled by corrupt officials and cruel overseers. Eventually the 'dog' bites back if mistreated, and boy were the Goths mistreated. Routinely enslaved, massacred, and punitively handled by Rome, but at the same time becoming more and more essential to an elitist Roman military agribusiness economy that saw them as valuable resources, the Goths were tinder on a pyre of Rome's flaws. The fireworks eventually exploded in the well-described battle of Adrianople
But I give this book 5 stars not only for its setting and great battle description, but also because it sympathetically handles the perspectives of multiple actors. That is increasingly rare nowadays. After the first round of injustice, it became very easy to understand the populist 'racist' resentment of the average Roman citizen, who found themselves abused if not outright murdered by the Empire's new, restive immigrants. Segregated and self-governed, the Goths are not Romans and know it; they seek different, clashing geopolitical goals. At the same time, it's equally easy to understand why both the Goths and advocates of immigration acted as they did. And it's very easy to sympathize with Emperor Valens, who saw a small provincial matter drastically steamroll its way into the center of his agenda.
There could always be more written about a subject like this. At a bare 147 pages, I definitely feel the author could have analyzed some factors more, such as the earlier Gothic invasion of the 3rd Century, the earlier Persian wars' effect on Valens' strategy, and the influence of Christian dogma on how Rome treated foreigners (aka old school genocide was increasingly unpopular among the intelligentsia, likely limiting Roman options towards foreign tribes). But at 147 pages, the book is still far better than an Osprey Campaign, often the only alternative for battle narratives.
Approachable, well presented, tersely written yet filled with important policy analysis and tactical descriptions, I find it hard not to like this book. Two small flaws: 1) the writing style reads like a college seminar because that was what this initially was. It also reads like a translation, which again this was. The author initially wrote this in Italian. 2) the well-said story stops too soon. Rome supposedly fell in 476, but its first and most important fall, the Gothic sack of 410, is directly related to this story. I wish Barbero had brought his powerful analysis to bear on the equally important first sack of Rome, or even on the brutal Hunnic Wars and the fall of the Western Empire.