I have some vague memory of having heard of The Loom of Youth in the distant past. However, it had completely passed out of my consciousness until I read by Alec Waugh’s great nephew, Alexander Waugh.
The latter book described some of the fuss caused by the publication of the former book. Alec wrote it shortly after he was “asked” to leave the school and I must say that it is a pretty impressive piece of writing for someone of that age (seventeen when he wrote it; nineteen when it was published), both in the style and in the sustained story.
The school in the book is Fernhurst and the protagonist is Gordon Caruthers but apparently the name changes were not enough to deceive anyone.
However, one of the weaker elements is that the book gives every indication of being a pretty true-to-life account of Alec’s time at Sherborne School. That leads to some tiresomely detailed accounts of football and cricket matches, and selection injustices; and there is a fair amount of lightly disguised self-justification. And Alec’s father, Arthur who became so close to the school that he was virtually re-living his childhood through his son’s time there, was horrified when he read the book because it was so easy to identify the originals of the book’s characters, and many of the incidents.
I suppose Alec Waugh’s achievement is also slightly diminished by the fact that a tell-all book about Harrow, Arnold Lunn’s The Harrovians had been published just three years earlier and, indeed, Waugh refers to it and has Gordon discuss its reception. So the tell-all aspect was no longer a novelty.
Given that Waugh was expelled and this was as a result of being discovered larking about, naked, with a younger boy, the school would certainly have been apprehensive of what he was likely to write.
In the event, he was much less critical and much less explicit than might have been feared. In fact, two of the individuals who responded most negatively were the Head and the sports master, both of whom Waugh greatly respected while at the school and dealt with with some reverence in the book.
I suspect that their criticisms had been partly formed before they read it, when they feared the worst, and that they saw the book as being a betrayal of their community, in which loyalty to the team was promoted as one of the highest values.
The first thing to say is that homosexuality is dealt with in the most discreet manner. There are a small number of instances where one boy vacates his study to leave its other occupant alone with someone else. About the most explicit section is in relation to Gordon: “Thus began a friendship entirely different from any Gordon had known before. He did not know what his real sentiments were; he did not even attempt to analyse them. He only knew that when he was with Morcombe he was indescribably happy. There was something in him so natural, so unaffected, so sensitive to beauty. After this Morcombe came up to Gordon’s study nearly every evening, and usually Foster left them alone together, and went off in search of Collins.”
Hardly sensational!
Of Fernhurst’s Head, the narrator explains that “It was not till years later that Gordon came to understand the depth of unselfish idealism that burned behind the quiet modesty of the Chief; but even at first sight the least impressionable boy was conscious of being under the influence of an unusual personality. There was nothing of the theatrical pedagogue about him; he surrounded himself with no trappings of a proud authority. His voice was gentle and persuasive; his smile as winning almost as a child's.”
Gordon’s attitude to the games master, Buller, is slightly more ambivalent, mainly because they are in conflict from time to time, but Gordon admired "the Bull" immensely: indeed, "the Bull" was about the only person at Fernhurst whose opinion he valued at all.” (apart from the Chief, presumably.)
This is not to say that Waugh is entirely uncritical of Fernhurst/Sherborne. Probably the most interesting element of the book is when Waugh moves past the sporting competitions and the house spirit discussions, and provides an intelligent seventeen year old’s perspective on Edwardian private education
Despite Gordon’s (and Alec’s) prowess at games, the book suggests that far too much importance is placed on them. Soon after Gordon arrives at the school he hears several boys discussing whether another’s behaviour “goes too far���: "What the hell do you mean? Meredith go too far? Why, he is a splendid wicket-keeper, and far and away the finest half-back in the school. You must allow a good deal to a blood like him.” As an older boy, Gordon himself takes to oratory: “We can see games as they really are without any false mist of sentiment, and we can see that for years we have been worshipping something utterly wrong."
In fact many of the principles upon which the school is built are suggested to be inappropriate. “it loves mediocrity, it likes to be accepted unquestioningly as was the Old Testament. But times change. The Old Testament and the Public School system are now both of them in the melting-pot of criticism.” “Masters try to make you imitate, and not think for yourself. 'Mould your Latin verses on Vergil, your Greek prose on Thucydides, your English on Matthew Arnold, but don't think for yourself. Don't be original.'”
Finally, “It is inclined to destroy individuality, to turn out a fixed pattern; it wishes to take everyone, no matter what his tastes or ideas may be, and make him conform to its own ideals. In the process, much good is destroyed, for the Public School man is slack, easy-going, tolerant, is not easily upset by scruples, laughs at good things, smiles at bad, yet he is a fine follower. He has learnt to do what he is told; he takes life as he sees it and is content.”
These are criticisms which could probably be levelled at a good many independent schools today, so it seems likely they were valid then. At the same time, they would not be welcomed by the leadership of a school, especially when their author had been expelled for immorality. Even when a qualification is included: “It is, of course, very easy to run down any existing system; and the Public School system has come in for its fair share of abuse. Yet it must be remembered that no one has yet been able to devise a better. So far so good. With the average individual the system is not so very unsatisfactory.”
Equally difficult for the leadership to take would the suggestion that many of the masters were either incompetent or uncommitted to quality in their work: One was “a dry humorist, who had adopted schoolmastering for want of something better to do, had apparently regretted it afterwards, and developed into a cynic.” Another “had won his Blue for golf at Oxford, and had got a Double First. He also was quite incapable of teaching anything. His form made no pretence of keeping order.” And "most of them here have got into a groove. They believe the things they ought to believe; they are all copies of the same type. They've clean forgotten what it was like at school. Hardly any of them really know boys.”
“The really brilliant men don't take up schoolmastering; it is the worst paid profession there is. Look at it, a man with a double-first at Oxford comes down to a place like Fernhurst and sweats his guts out day and night for two hundred pounds a year. Of course, the big men try for better things. Rogers is just the sort of fool who would be a schoolmaster. He has got no brain, no intellect, he loves jawing”. And when a man with a good brain, such as “the Chief”, enters the profession, he is quickly promoted out of the classroom. A comment which is still commonly made today. And when Waugh wrote all this, he had been so recently in the school, that his father could identify immediately all the Sherborne staff and boys who were being described.
There are other, less quintessential criticisms scattered through the book: the school naively thinks boys are pure of mind and word; there is a belief that a code of honour operates such that miscreants will immediately confess; English Literature ought to be taught more systematically; it was common behaviour for lazy or less able boys to have their work prepared for them, and to be graded on the basis of their plagiarism; prefects are assumed to be paragons of senior leadership but take advantage of their trust, and game the system; and boisterous behaviour often was really bullying.
It is arguable that the best medium for school stories of the The Loom of Youth genre is the old 1950s comic books, Knockout and the like. And the best audience is juveniles: the space that was taken up by J.K. Rowling with Harry Potter. I have read a few such books over the years and The Loom of Youth stands up reasonably well. However I suspect it is flawed by the youth and solipsism of the author. It was something of a sensation at the time and became even more so when both Alec and his father were expelled from the old boys’ association. As I have suggested, it is likely that the school was most upset by the breaking of the code of silence, and this by someone who had peremptorily been thrown out, and by the fact that many of the book’s characters were apparently identifiable. There was a belief that the drama was a result of salacious sex, which was palpably not the case. But the fuss apparently led to good sales.
Now its value though is as a historical piece, and as part of the Waugh family jigsaw, even if it is a little boring in places.