Through a combination of historical documentary research and ethnographic fieldwork among practicing powwowers and their clients, David Kriebel has elucidated not only the conceptual models and metaphysical worldview underpinning contemporary extra-biomedical healing practices within the Pennsylvania Dutch culture, but also the transformations that this complex of practices and beliefs has undergone over the course of the twentieth century. From its origin as a syncretic system of practical charms and remedies based in a corpus of European folklore and magic thoroughly embedded within a Christian culture and cosmology, Kriebel shows how hostile campaigns of scientific skepticism from without and religious denunciation from within Dutch culture have led the practice to shed many of its overtly magical trappings and recast itself as a form of strictly faith-based healing. Nonetheless, it is also made apparent that both continuing demand for its services and ongoing transmission of its secrets to a new generation of practitioners will likely ensure powwowing's persistence, both within its native culture and beyond.