In his 2011 book, The Book of Books: The Radical Impact of the King James Bible 1611-2011, Melvyn Bragg attempts to compile a comprehensive yet accessible account of the King James Bible’s impact in history through modernity. He was motivated to start this project in commemoration for the 400th year anniversary of the King James Bible, and as an addendum to his previous book published in 2006, 12 Books That Changed the World (of which Bragg names the King James Bible as one). It is clear from the beginning of the book that Melvyn Bragg is undoubtedly a very intelligent man- one who is clearly highly skilled in the art of letters. Over his decades-long career as both a novelist and BBC presenter, Bragg has been able to hone his craft as a talented wordsmith. The Book of Books is a very accessible read for a general audience who is curious about the evolution of Christian Biblical interpretation. However, since this book is aimed at the unspecialized audience who likely lacks training in historical analysis, it is severely disappointing that it is a propagandist piece constructed on logic-jumps, plagiarism, and historical falsehoods. Although Bragg has been interviewing expert historians since 1998 through his podcast, In Our Time, this does not make him a historian. His book is easy to consume as a reader, yet no amount of smooth prose can negate the fact that his historical analysis is inaccurate.
I shall begin with my accusation of plagiarism against the author. Melvyn Bragg would like to consider himself a historian, especially given his undergraduate degree in modern history from Oxford University. However, if this book was to ever be taken seriously as a historical analysis of the King James Bible’s reception, historians would not hesitate to include detailed citations for their primary sources and argumentations, as well as a comprehensive bibliography for all sources used. However, that is a noticeable absence in Melvyn Bragg’s book. He’ll include famous quotations from figures ranging from George Washington to Thomas Hardy- having included a long passage from his poem, The Oxen- and not give any citation on the page or even in his bibliography. He speaks multiple times throughout his book about the religious connections between Toni Morrison's Beloved, such that it even appears at the beginning of his first chapter analyzing the scope of this Biblical translation, yet he never cites Toni Morrison as an influence in his bibliography.
Bragg has even included Biblical quotes from the King James Bible and only given a partial citation. As seen on page on 35, he writes, “This was a man [King James] who wrote a book on demonology and- on Biblical authority, ‘thou shalt not suffer a witch to live’ (Exodus)- had ‘witches’ burned to death after questioning them himself at a trial in Edinburgh.” He has taken the time to include that the passage is from Exodus, but not the full citation of ‘Exodus 22:18’. Furthermore, the specific line which Melvyn cites in Exodus was only translated as ‘witch’ versus ‘poisoner’ following the King James Bible’s publication in 1611. However, King James’ Daemonologie was first published in 1597- over a decade before that Biblical line would have been available for popular reference. Given that this book was written in 2011- in the age of the internet- it is disappointing that the author couldn’t Google the quotations’ full citation (or that it got through editing). Although this book is not necessarily meant to act as a reference for historical journals because it is fashioned as a narrative piece, he is inserting long passage quotations as evidence and he needs to give proper citation credit.
Regarding his argumentation and the overall structure of the book, it largely falls short of its potential as it spreads itself far too thin, investigating not only 400 years of history but also from America to Africa. It is fully possible to fill an entire book engaging with the scholastic implications of translating the Bible into the vernacular. Bragg could have focused on the theological predecessors of printing the vernacular Bible, or the history of the underground movements of Church reform before Protestantism became popular. He could have focused on why the King James Version was such a groundbreaking piece given the history of religious struggle between the crowns and James’ own mother was a devout Catholic. Yet these are only passing mentions which deserved greater elaboration. Since Bragg organizes his book by themes, rather than chronologically, it repeats itself and is prone to a meandering narration.
In particular, chapter sixteen of The Book of Books seems completely extraneous. For fifteen pages, Melvyn Bragg rants about the cultural impact of Richard Dawkins’ book, The God Delusion (2006), and its impact on the growing atheism movement supposedly growing into a cultural epoch. Bragg does not cite any statistics to support this claim. However, although Dawkins’ atheism can be connected to the Bible, Bragg fails to clearly connect it to the King James translation specifically. Furthermore, it also lacks any real relevance to Dawkins because Melvyn admits that “Richard Dawkins scarcely mentions” the impact that the King James Bible had on Protestantism. But why would Dawkins? If his book is centred around the idea that worshipping a God who permits the abuse of women and children, and restricts science by only subscribing to creationism, why would Dawkins simultaneously promote the positive cultural impacts of the Bible? The chapter should have been cut during the editorial stage, yet somehow it made it through to publication.
Melvyn Bragg’s book is severely wanting in specific areas of analysis as it floats across large themes over long periods of time. However, it is entirely possible to create a history of the King James Bible spanning across continents and 400 years of history, as demonstrated by Gordon Campbell. On the 28 October 2010, Gordon Campbell’s book, Bible: The Story of the King James Version 1611-2011 was published by Oxford University Press (Melvyn Bragg’s alma mater). Bragg clearly was heavily influenced by Campbell’s work, as demonstrated throughout his own work, and it is one of the few books listed on Bragg’s select bibliography. The extent of this influence can even be seen in the striking parallels between Bragg’s and Campbell’s opening sentences of their respective introductions.
Campbell: “On 20 January 2009, Barack Obama took the presidential oath of office on a copy of the King James Version of the Bible published by Oxford University Press in 1853; it was the same Bible that had been used by Abraham Lincoln in 1861.”
Bragg: “In 1953, Queen Elizabeth II was crowned in Westminster Abbey. She swore her oath on the King James Bible. This version of the Bible was printed in English in 1611. It was inspired by James I, who was also crowned in Westminster Abbey, 350 years before Elizabeth II.”
Just as Campbell had done with his structure, Melvyn imitates by highlighting the foundation laid by early Church reformers, the movement of pilgrims to America, the impact of the Second Great Awakening, and even its subtle impact on Shakespearean performances. Not only is Melvyn Bragg’s work unoriginal in construction, but it is also poorly constructed. Unlike Campbell, who continuously grounds his argumentation in how cultural trends were influenced by the King James Version, Bragg seemingly conflates the King James Bible with ‘the Bible’ in general. This gets him into trouble as he generalizes Protestant theology among widely varying sects of faith. This becomes glaringly obvious as he discusses Puritans using the King James Bible while crossing the Mayflower. This is despite the fact that in general, Puritans preferred the Geneva Bible because of its similarity to Calvinism and they were also against the ‘divine right to rule’ of kings. Yet, Bragg suggests that the Geneva Bible was quite similar to the King James Version because both were likely influenced by Tyndale’s incomplete Biblical translation. Melvyn Bragg even acknowledges that the Geneva Bible’s annotations didn’t support the king’s divine right to rule, yet his work continually contradicts itself. Although Melvyn can spin compelling prose, the actual content of his work shows a lack of historical awareness.
This lack of historical awareness- and extended research in general- appears multiple times throughout his book. The greatest risk this presents is that by not fully contextualizing his ‘facts’, it can skew the narrative Bragg is presenting. A prime example is how Bragg praises the superior intellect of a young William Tyndale. He begins, “this became the life purpose of this brilliant boy, who went to Oxford University when he was twelve.” Although this, to a modern readership audience, this would undoubtedly be an astounding feat of genius by a child-prodigy, this was not especially extraordinary at the time. When Tyndale would have been admitted to the university in 1506, twelve would have actually been the average age of matriculation. Additionally, Oxford was still one of two universities open in England at the time. There is no doubt that Tyndale was a highly educated man, but when facts are not contextualized with their historically contemporary surroundings, it fails to paint an accurate picture of the past.
Lord Melvyn Bragg of Wigton is a has been a life-long member of the Labour Party, and now serves in Parliament within the House of Lords. While Bragg is able to identify the hint of political agenda behind King James’ translation of the Bible, he needs to improve in identifying his own bias within his historical analysis. Twice in the book, Melvyn dedicates significant portions of his book to the Christian morality behind the Labour movement. Bragg even goes so far as to say during his conclusion, “the birth and growth of the Labour Party- owed more to Methodism than to Marxism”, which is up for historical debate. Although it may not be categorically true or false, he is making sweeping generalizations about entire political movements in a half-sentence without any evidence to support it.
This tendency to let his pre-existing biases dominate his narrative is, unfortunately, prevalent throughout his book. Bragg approaches his analysis of the King James Version of the Bible with a narrative that the English language is not only superior but also a potentially civilizing force. This not only presents a progressivist narrative but also promotes a Whiggish interpretation of British history. During the chapter, The Mayflower and the Covenant, Melvyn argues that the English language has been adapting linguistically for a thousand years, yet the settlers preferred their own English words because “[t]hey had the Words of God through His prophets and His Son: what more could they possibly need save a few phrases which speeded up commonplace understanding? [...] But in the beginnings of America, it was very prudent. Perhaps Squanto had spoiled them.” The reasoning Bragg gives for the prominence of the English language slowly dominating as a de-facto language was because of the settler’s commitment to language, first learned through Scripture. However, this also ignores the systematic and violent oppression of Natives as colonial settlers built on Native land, which allowed for English dominance.
Melvyn Bragg presents his book as if he is an authority in historical interpretation- this narrative supported by pages of positive reviews of his book before you even begin reading. He pretends to be a historian because he’s been interviewing historians for over twenty years, yet he enters with a progressivist, and frankly Whiggish, outlook on Protestant history. Bragg generalizes theological developments, and he doesn’t think critically or properly engage with scholastic material. When Melvyn Bragg has included ‘evidence’, it is primarily illustrative rather than supportive of any argument, and never properly referenced in citations. This is not a book which should be used in any scholastic citations as a reference because of its glaring inaccuracies and sloppy craftsmanship. Even as a refresher of popular history which might be available for sale at a bookstore, I can find limited virtues about this work. It twists facts to suit its narrative- and that is a misleading history.
Bibliography:
BBC Radio 4, Melvyn Bragg, [3 March, 2019].
Bragg, Melvyn, The Book of Books: The Radical Impact of the King James Bible 1611-2011, (London, 2011).
British Council, Melvyn Bragg, [3 March 2019].
British Library, King James VI and I’s Demonology, 1597, [2 March 2019].
Campbell, Gordon, Bible: The Story of the King James Version 1611-2011, (Oxford, 2010).
Cardozier, V. R., “Student Power in Medieval Universities”, Personnel and Guidance Journal Vol. 46, Issue 10 (1968), pp. 944-948.
Norton, David, The King James Bible: A Short History from Tyndale to Today, (Cambridge, 2011).
Penguin, The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins, [3 March, 2019].
Henderson, Lizanne, Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment: Scotland 1670-1740, (Glasgow, 2016).