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The Stranglers: The Cult of Thuggee & its Overthrow in British India
In 1812, about 40,000 travelers died of misadventure on the lonely, dusty roads of India. Cholera, smallpox & snakebite were among the popular certified causes of death. The actual cause, in more cases than not: death by strangling at the well-muscled hands of murderous religious fanatics called Thugs, who justified their killing in the name of the Hindu goddess Kali but robbed for their own benefit. George Bruce, journalist & Orientalist, examines these remarkable evildoers & with British understatement measures their crime & eventual punishment.
For generations the Thugs went almost completely unchecked. The British government, calmly tallying "misadventures," remained unconcerned because Thugs killed almost no Europeans. As for the natives themselves, Thugs terrorized peasants & bribed rajahs & landowners to ignore or protect them. Thugs were often of the Brahman caste. When they were arrested, they were almost invariably released for lack of evidence. It was as if the Thugs (corrupted from thags, Hindustani for "deceivers") had managed to keep the country hypnotized. The Thug modus operandi was to assume the guise of peaceful travelers. Joining parties with their victims, they would charm them right up to the moment at which one designated Thug would seize a doomed man's wrists while another Thug would strangle him from behind with a noose of white or yellow silk—Kali's favorite colors. Sometimes talented Thugs would play the sitar & coax their victims into singing, the better to expose their throats for throttling. Not only did the Thugs kill without remorse but "with pleasure," as they confessed, sanctified by omens before & prayers afterward. Thug son succeeded Thug father in the family business. But even after as many as eleven generations had accumulated fortunes, Thugs & scions of Thugs went on doing their thing. Shrewd appraisers of rich victims, they carefully scouted out their targets. But they had no objection to the impromptu murder of a party of four—for as little as 20 gold pieces & a handful of rupees. Whatever drove the Thugs—probably a mixture of greed, blood lust & corrupted religious fervor—their energy & enterprise were astonishing. One boasted of 931 murders in a fruitful 40-year career. The Thug version of Cosa Nostra might have gone on for more generations had it not been confronted by Wm Sleeman, who came out to India as a Bengal army officer in 1809 at age 21. He didn't smoke. He soon became a teetotaler. His only known thirst was for work. That was regarded by his compatriots as unquenchable. In that wilting climate there was something of the untemptable Anglo-Saxon saint about Sleeman, as well as "something near to ruthlessness." At 1st he couldn't even obtain official recognition that the cult, known as Thuggee, really existed. But by 1830 he'd succeeded in having himself appointed superintendent for their suppression. At that time he estimated the enemy strength as 4-5000. His own troops, given an area to patrol almost twice as large as England, Scotland & Wales, numbered less than 100. Sleeman's unexpected advantage lay in a fundamental weakness in Thug character. Unlike the modern underworld figures who acquired their name, India's original Thugs had absolutely no scruples about betraying one another. Giving his informers the more dignified name of "approvers," Sleeman patiently let one captured Thug lead him to ten others. By 1837, more than 3000 Thugs had been apprehended & had then been tried. By 1841, the cult of Thuggee had been "practically destroyed." Prison trade schools with a surprising degree of success were converting generations of stranglers into carpet weavers & tentmakers. "Weary, so weary of Indian customs," Sleeman sailed for England in 1856, a month after he had been belatedly recommended for knighthood. But he'd worn himself out. He got no further than the coast of Ceylon, where he died of a heart attack. A 19th century man with a simple, unwavering sense of duty, Sleeman was one of those thoroughgoing heroes who today seem even more remarkable than the Thugs he pursued.--Time (edited)
For generations the Thugs went almost completely unchecked. The British government, calmly tallying "misadventures," remained unconcerned because Thugs killed almost no Europeans. As for the natives themselves, Thugs terrorized peasants & bribed rajahs & landowners to ignore or protect them. Thugs were often of the Brahman caste. When they were arrested, they were almost invariably released for lack of evidence. It was as if the Thugs (corrupted from thags, Hindustani for "deceivers") had managed to keep the country hypnotized. The Thug modus operandi was to assume the guise of peaceful travelers. Joining parties with their victims, they would charm them right up to the moment at which one designated Thug would seize a doomed man's wrists while another Thug would strangle him from behind with a noose of white or yellow silk—Kali's favorite colors. Sometimes talented Thugs would play the sitar & coax their victims into singing, the better to expose their throats for throttling. Not only did the Thugs kill without remorse but "with pleasure," as they confessed, sanctified by omens before & prayers afterward. Thug son succeeded Thug father in the family business. But even after as many as eleven generations had accumulated fortunes, Thugs & scions of Thugs went on doing their thing. Shrewd appraisers of rich victims, they carefully scouted out their targets. But they had no objection to the impromptu murder of a party of four—for as little as 20 gold pieces & a handful of rupees. Whatever drove the Thugs—probably a mixture of greed, blood lust & corrupted religious fervor—their energy & enterprise were astonishing. One boasted of 931 murders in a fruitful 40-year career. The Thug version of Cosa Nostra might have gone on for more generations had it not been confronted by Wm Sleeman, who came out to India as a Bengal army officer in 1809 at age 21. He didn't smoke. He soon became a teetotaler. His only known thirst was for work. That was regarded by his compatriots as unquenchable. In that wilting climate there was something of the untemptable Anglo-Saxon saint about Sleeman, as well as "something near to ruthlessness." At 1st he couldn't even obtain official recognition that the cult, known as Thuggee, really existed. But by 1830 he'd succeeded in having himself appointed superintendent for their suppression. At that time he estimated the enemy strength as 4-5000. His own troops, given an area to patrol almost twice as large as England, Scotland & Wales, numbered less than 100. Sleeman's unexpected advantage lay in a fundamental weakness in Thug character. Unlike the modern underworld figures who acquired their name, India's original Thugs had absolutely no scruples about betraying one another. Giving his informers the more dignified name of "approvers," Sleeman patiently let one captured Thug lead him to ten others. By 1837, more than 3000 Thugs had been apprehended & had then been tried. By 1841, the cult of Thuggee had been "practically destroyed." Prison trade schools with a surprising degree of success were converting generations of stranglers into carpet weavers & tentmakers. "Weary, so weary of Indian customs," Sleeman sailed for England in 1856, a month after he had been belatedly recommended for knighthood. But he'd worn himself out. He got no further than the coast of Ceylon, where he died of a heart attack. A 19th century man with a simple, unwavering sense of duty, Sleeman was one of those thoroughgoing heroes who today seem even more remarkable than the Thugs he pursued.--Time (edited)
- GenresNonfiction
244 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1968
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About the author
George Bruce
126 books7 followersA former freelance journalist who worked as a sub-editor for Reuters and as European news editor for UPA, George Bruce was an author of popular military histories and company histories.
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Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews
June 24, 2011
I am not sure what attracted me to this book initially as it is well outside my usual areas of interest. It just sounded good and really lived up to my hopes.
The subject material is mainly about the life of William Sleeman. Never heard of him? Neither had I. He lived in the mid-1800's in India and was a British officer. During his career he discovered a hereditary group of religiously-inspired road and river assassins who regularly murdered Indians, disposed of their bodies and made off with the pickings. Sleeman made it his ambition to root them out of society and put an end to them.
The scope and methods used by the Thugees (deceivers) were unbelievable. Detailed descriptions came from Sleeman's meticulous military reports, so even though this account reads like a Hollywood thriller, it all actually happened.
The writing style of the book is nothing to write home about, but the material certainly is. I felt like I'd discovered a hidden bit of history that certainly held my attention more than most historical accounts do. It also spoke volumes to me about the nature of man and what people, under certain conditions, are capable of.
The subject material is mainly about the life of William Sleeman. Never heard of him? Neither had I. He lived in the mid-1800's in India and was a British officer. During his career he discovered a hereditary group of religiously-inspired road and river assassins who regularly murdered Indians, disposed of their bodies and made off with the pickings. Sleeman made it his ambition to root them out of society and put an end to them.
The scope and methods used by the Thugees (deceivers) were unbelievable. Detailed descriptions came from Sleeman's meticulous military reports, so even though this account reads like a Hollywood thriller, it all actually happened.
The writing style of the book is nothing to write home about, but the material certainly is. I felt like I'd discovered a hidden bit of history that certainly held my attention more than most historical accounts do. It also spoke volumes to me about the nature of man and what people, under certain conditions, are capable of.
September 4, 2011
An informative work on William Sleeman's efforts to destroy Thugee from the time when no one cared about it to his long overdue promotion to Major-General. There were long excerpts from Sleeman's writings and transcriptions of actual conversations with captured Thugs; these were very revealing. Besides describing the Thugee dialect, philosophy, superstitions and customs, the book portrays Sleeman as a selfless, tireless man who always put duty first: ahead of his health, his wealth, even his desire to be with his children.
It was an exciting story, not because of Bruce's rather dry style of telling it but because of its inherent thrills. At times, the narrative could have used more detail (explaining how a specific gang was captured, for instance, instead of just mentioning that it was "luckily" done). All in all, though, a fine book.
It was an exciting story, not because of Bruce's rather dry style of telling it but because of its inherent thrills. At times, the narrative could have used more detail (explaining how a specific gang was captured, for instance, instead of just mentioning that it was "luckily" done). All in all, though, a fine book.
September 6, 2013
Having through the popular media heard of the Thug cult since childhood, I was intrigued to find this serious study of them. Buying it, I brought the book up to paternal grandmother's cottage in SW Michigan where I read it over the course of a few days on the beach and bluff.
As it happens, the Thuggee were a serious social problem in India until brought to heel by the British colonial authorities during the early years of the nineteenth century. Although they had been killing a robbing throughout the occupation, their victims were almost always fellow subcontinentals and, so, beneath the radar of the British until one pertinacious administrator decided to have done with them.
As it happens, the Thuggee were a serious social problem in India until brought to heel by the British colonial authorities during the early years of the nineteenth century. Although they had been killing a robbing throughout the occupation, their victims were almost always fellow subcontinentals and, so, beneath the radar of the British until one pertinacious administrator decided to have done with them.
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Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews