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Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method

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English, French (translation)

325 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 1971

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219 people want to read

About the author

Algirdas Julien Greimas

67 books28 followers
Greimas Algirdas Julius [1917 III 9 Tuloje (Rusija) – 1992 II 27 Paryžiuje, palaidotas Kaune], kalbininkas, semiotikas, mitologijos tyrinėtojas, eseistas. Baigė Marijampolės Rygiškių Jono gimnaziją, studijavo teisę VDU (1934-1935) ir kalbotyrą Grenoblio (1936-1939) universitete.

II pasaulinio karo metais gyvendamas Lietuvoje įsitraukė į antinacinį sąjūdį. Karo metų patirtį po daugiau nei keturiasdešimties metų Greimas apibūdins kaip nulėmusią ir jo intelektualinę biografiją. Interviu Paryžiaus dienraščiui Le Quotidien de Paris jis teigė: „Mano intelektualinis kelias iš dalies paaiškinamas mano kilme ir tais įvykiais, kuriems atsivėrė mano jaunystės Lietuva; būti semiotiku – tai kelti prasmės klausimą. Karas, jo absurdiškumas skatino susirūpinti prasme tų baisybių, kurios vyko prieš jūsų akis. Tai ir buvo manasis psichologinis fonas“.

1944 m. Greimas grįžo į Prancūziją. 1948 m. Sorbonoje apgynė daktaro disertaciją Mada 1830-aisiais (išspausdinta 2000). Dėstė Aleksandrijos, Ankaros, Stambulo, Poitiers universitetuose. Nuo 1965 m. Paryžiuje vadovavo semiolingvistinių tyrimų seminarui, kurio pagrindu susiformavo Paryžiaus semiotikos mokykla. Daugumą kalbinių bei semiotinių darbų parašė prancūziškai, o mitologijos studijas ir eseistiką lietuviškai.

Stambiausi leksikografiniai darbai – Senosios prancūzų kalbos žodynas (1968), Viduriniosios prancūzų kalbos žodynas: Renesansas (1992, su T. M. Keane). Sukūrė bendrąją reikšmės teoriją, kurią išdėstė prancūzų k. rašytose knygose Struktūrinė semantika (1966), Apie prasmę (1970),Maupassant’as. Teksto semiotika: Praktinės pratybos (1976), Semiotika ir visuomenės mokslai (1976), Semiotika: Aiškinamasis kalbos teorijos žodynas(1, 1979, su J. Courtés, 2, 1986, kartu su kitais autoriais), Apie prasmę II (1983), Apie netobulumą (1987), Pasijų semiotika (1991, su J. Fontanille). Elementariųjų reikšmės sistemų aprašymą Greimas susiejo su naratyvine sintakse, tinkančia įvairioms “kalboms” analizuoti. Pagal jo teoriją, sąmoninga ir nesąmoninga žmogaus veikla yra nuolatinis jam vertingų objektų įgijimas ar netekimas, vertės objektų mainai sąlygoja pažintinio, etinio ir estetinio prado sąryšį gyvenime.

Nuo naratyvumo teorijos tyrinėtojas ėjo prie modalumų, vėliau prie intersubjektyvumo problemų, nuo kategorinėmis priešpriešomis grindžiamų struktūrų – prie aspektualumo, tensyvumo, tapsmo analizės. Semiotiškai interpretavo pasijų apraiškas ir estetinį žmogaus santykį su pasauliu, analizavo įvairių tautų rašytojų kūrinius, Evangelijos paraboles, moralinę laikyseną, tikėjimo nuostatas. Naudodamasis prancūzų mitologų G. Dumézilio, C. Lévi-Strausso, M. Detienne’o tyrinėjimais, Greimas sukūrė lietuvių mitologijos rekonstrukcijos metodą, taikytą studijose Apie dievus ir žmones (1979), Tautos atminties beieškant (1990), rankraštyje likusiuose Gedimino sapno ir Palemono mitų nagrinėjimuose.

Mitą Greimas laiko figūratyvine visuomenės ideologijos forma, pasakojimu, atsakančiu į esminius žmogaus būties klausimus. Sudarė antologiją Mitologija šiandien (kartu su Keane, 1996). Lietuvių išeivijos spaudoje, o nuo 1989 m. ir Lietuvoje Greimas spausdino publicistiką ir literatūrinę eseistiką, kartu su S. Žuku parašė knygą Lietuva Pabaltijy: Istorijos ir kultūros bruožai (liet. ir pranc. k., 1993). Greimo semiotika plėtojama daugelyje Europos šalių, Lotynų Amerikoje, Kanadoje.

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5 stars
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Displaying 1 - 5 of 5 reviews
Profile Image for Robert Beveridge.
2,402 reviews198 followers
February 11, 2008
Think about the idea known to us as object-oriented programming; instead of rewriting everything from scratch over and over again, as we used to do, instead you have small blocks of code that can be used for many different procedures, thus decreasing the amount of work for the programmer and the amount of hard-drive space that the user needs. Simple and elegant. Makes sense, huh? It's actually an idea as old as language. "Object-oriented" is a good description of any language. While Oriental writing shows this most clearly, in that a relatively small number of syllabic characters are written in various ways to make larger words, it's easily understood in any language when looked at the right way.

This is the basis behind A.-J. Greimas' _Structural Semantics_. However, he extends the argument not only to language, but to thought as well, and gives the reader a new way to think about the critical analysis of what he reads.

Greimas' theory is that humans have a specific and limited number of possible ideas that can be used in various, still limited but much closer to infinite, ways to create sentences, and from there to create stories. Much of the book is spent developing and defending this theory, and only the last two chapters (devoted, respectively, to analysis of the body of Russian folktales and the body of work by French author Bernanos) show how to put the theory into practice. Given this, it should be evident to the reader that this is going to be a tough book to tackle even for experienced literary critics. It doesn't help that Greimas spends much of his time in the stratosphere, and assumes we're spending all that time with him; he drops references without backing them up constantly (the translators of the University of Nebraska Press edition identified and tracked down well over a hundred of these, and endnotes are included), and his language is so far into the abstract that if you attempt to take up this book without a pad and pen, you'll be lost early on.

This all changes, thankfully, as practical application makes itself known. Once we get down to actually applying everything from the book to the symbolism in a given author, it all starts to make sense. One wonders why the beginning part couldn't have been explained in an easier, more concise manner; perhaps Greimas, so involved in the world of literary theory, didn't know how any more.

A fascinating read, albeit a long one; while I found it tremendously enlightening, I have to penalize it heavily for being so obtuse most of the time.
Profile Image for Evelyne.
24 reviews
April 5, 2019
This book establishes the basis of a theory of linguistic semantics. The author is very clear with the scope of such a theory: analyzing some aspects of meaning at the level of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon, and not as psychological phenomenon (like in cognitive semantics) nor as a metaphysical relationship between the constituents of signs (like in Pierce's theory). In fact, his focus is on classemes, that is, units of meaning that relate other semantic units together into hierarchies of categories. This allows his method of analyzing meaning to proceed partly from intuition, by relying on the analyst's knowledge of a language and its cultural background.

From that, a structural analysis of a sentence or a text will be the creation of a meta-linguistic model; said model is what is called a structure. This definition of structure is very interesting, as it is a pain point in structuralism to know just what structures are and where they are. Lévy-Strauss famously put them into the head of people; Greimas says they're simply scientific models, which gives them a lot more flexibility and avoids spurious psychological assumptions. Greimas is also very concerned with adding a dynamic aspect to structures, and since they're merely models, it feels almost completely natural to do so. He starts by extracting a very general model of how stories work, called the actantial model, and uses it, in combination with his method, to re-read Propp's theory of folktales and simplify it down to the expression of a broken contract between the hero and other actors, that is repaired or remade anew by the actions of the hero (to summarize very roughly).

To mend together the level of structures and the level of actual words in a sentence, he defines a concept with lasting influence, that of isotopy, that is, the repetition of classemes throughout a text. This is an incredibly powerful concept that gives consistency to and allows precise analysis of how we feel a text is about something and has one or more themes. With this tool, even obscure symbolism can become crystal clear.

Most of the book, if written in a highly abstract and concise style, is actually very didactic and careful. The last two chapters — about which the author warns are more like drafts — are much harder to read, and the overuse of letters to represent words that sometimes aren't even made explicit is mostly to blame. There's a jump in difficulty at that point, and it would have been great if the author had made a much more pedestrian chapter analyzing very closely a short story so that the reader could see how to use the introduced concepts for a full analysis, or even give exercises to the reader like in math textbooks.

Overall, this book is incredible: the tools it gives to its reader are absurdly powerful, especially the analysis of words as classemes organized around a semiotic kernel, the concept of isotopy, the actantial model, and the transformational model extracted from folktales. I've been using them successfully and without too much effort (or rather, I didn't notice those efforts due to the curiosity and excitement to try them out) in the other books I have been reading, and it's made me a much better reader — some texts I appreciate far less due to how ridiculously predictable they become if you apply even basic structural analysis (I've been able to predict almost all of the content of several books only one fourth in), others far more despite their flaws due to how well built their semantic universes are, which I used not to notice this easily.
Profile Image for Fulmenius.
78 reviews2 followers
April 4, 2022
"Меня твои словесные упражнения просто доколебали уже, одна страница офигительнее другой" (c)

Избранные цитаты с первых 35 страниц (извините, на большее меня не хватило):

"Как отмечает Леви-Стросс в "Неприрученной мысли", "современная химия сводит разнообразие вкусов и запахов к пяти различно сочетаемым элементам: углероду, водороду кислороду, вере (sic! Кривой перевод? Но что же, в таком случае, было в оригинале?) и азоту""

Это утверждение используется для обоснования отказа от количественных исследований.

"Признать что бы то ни было означающим и обозначить его этим термином можно лишь в том случае, если оно действительно что-то означает. Существование означающего предполагает существование означаемого. Со своей стороны, означаемое является "означаемым" лишь потому, что оно обозначено, иными словами, потому что существует означающее, которое его означает. Иначе говоря, существование означаемого предполагает существование означающего"

"Так, переход латинского а в слове "mar" в [ε] во французском mer..."

Не являясь специалистом по франко-латинскому переводу, замечу, что VOCABVLARIVM LATINORVSSICVM MAGNVM не знает слова mar. Возможно, это потому, что "море" на латыни - mare, а не mar.

Автор в тексте использует формулы, но за этими формулами не стоит никакой формальной системы, что делает их не более осмысленными, чем использование множества неопределенных и расплывчатых терминов, лишь затрудняющих чтение (23 страницы за 48 минут - это мой абсолютный антирекорд, возможно, если не считать каких-нибудь учебников по математике, но их-то сложно читать из-за информационной загруженности, а не языковой!).

"Зависть к физике" as is. В худшем своем проявлении.
83 reviews
April 21, 2025
Tenho opiniões muito positivas em relação à teoria semiótica de Greimas, mas, infelizmente, esse não é o livro certo para quem nela tem interesse. É um livro incrivelmente obscuro e técnico, tanto que não consegui abstrair o conteudo de nem um quinto do que me foi apresentado. O fato de ser a primeira exposição de sua teoria faz com que não se justifique o esforço que seria necessário para uma compreensão maior. Espero ter uma experiência melhor com os seus outros livros.
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