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The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity

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Probes the roots of the environmental crisis from social and economic perspectives, emphasizing the need for effective public policy and noting how surplus production, runaway technology, and social inequities have fostered environmental problems

478 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1980

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54 reviews33 followers
June 16, 2024
After examining the environmental impact of technology, consumption, production and human population, Schnaiberg comes to a similar conclusion as Barry Commoner in The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology before him. Production is the largest contributor to environmental destruction.

In capitalist societies, he argues, production is structured by the nature of competition between owners of capital, profitability, and high-energy or capital-intensive mass production. From an environmental perspective, production requires an increase in energy and materials. When resources are scarce, producers seek alternative sources rather than restructuring production. Moreover, the logic of production is based on the ever-increasing need for capital investment. All this creates a contradiction between capital accumulation and environmental destruction. Schnaiberg likens this way of operating to a "treadmill".

From a Marxist perspective, the concept of the "treadmill of production" is weaker in the theory because it puts more emphasis on production and technology instead of accumulation and the social relations of accumulation, thus underestimating its role in production. The second shortcoming is that it focuses almost exclusively on the continuous growth of the "treadmill" and little on the system of production relations itself. The confrontation between ecology and economics is then dominated by debates about quantity at the expense of the qualitative nature of the production system. This, for example, makes invisible the so-called "ecological rifts" (of which J. B. Foster writes) which are caused by the very nature of capitalist relations of production.

However, the "treadmill of production" shows its strength in empirical research. According to John Bellamy Foster, the "treadmill of production" theory had a major impact on environmental sociology in the US after its introduction, but this was undermined by the conservative atmosphere of the early Reagan era. Schnaiberg tried to adapt to this change and toned down his original critique. This resulted in a considerable loss of coherence in his conception. Nevertheless, the "treadmill of production," possessing the power of empiricism, refuted many analyses of "ecological modernization" which ignores relations of production and which dominated later in environmental sociology.

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Po preskúmaní environmentálneho vplyvu technológií, spotreby, výroby a ľudskej populácie Schnaiberg dochádza k podobnému záveru ako Barry Commoner pred ním v knihe The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology. Najvyššou mierou prispieva k ničeniu životného prostredia výroba.

V kapitalistických spoločnostiach je podľa Schnaiberga výroba štruktúrovaná povahou konkurencie medzi vlastníkmi kapitálu, ziskovosťou a vysokoenergetickou či kapitálovo náročnou masovou výrobou. Z environmentálneho hľadiska výroba vyžaduje rast energie a materiálu. Ak sú zdroje obmedzené, výrobcovia hľadajú alternatívne zdroje namiesto reštrukturalizácie výroby. Navyše, logika výroby spočíva v neustále rastúcej potrebe kapitálových investícií. To všetko vyvoláva rozpor medzi akumuláciou kapitálu a ničením životného prostredia. Schnaiberg prirovnáva tento spôsob fungovania ku „kolotoču“.

Z marxistickej perspektívy koncepcia „kolotoča výroby“ pokrivkáva v teórii, pretože kladie väčší dôraz na výrobu a technológiu namiesto akumulácie a spoločenských vzťahov akumulácie, čím rolu akumulácie vo výrobe podceňuje. Druhým nedostatkom je, že sa takmer výlučne sústredí na neustály rast „kolotoča“ a málo na samotný systém výrobných vzťahov. V konfrontácii medzi ekológiou a ekonómiou potom dominujú debaty o kvantite na úkor kvalitatívnej povahy výrobného systému. To napríklad zneviditeľňuje takzvané „ekologické trhliny“ (o ktorých píše J. B. Foster), ktorých príčinou je samotná podstata kapitalistických výrobných vzťahov.

„Kolotoč výroby“ však svoju silu ukazuje v empirickom výskume. Podľa Johna Bellamyho Fostera mala teória „kolotoča výroby“– po svojom uvedení veľký vplyv na environmentálnu sociológiu v USA, čo však narušila konzervatívna atmosféra ranej Reaganovej éry. Schnaiberg sa tejto zmene snažil prispôsobiť a svoju pôvodnú kritiku zmiernil, čo malo za následok značnú stratu súdržnosti jeho koncepcie. Napriek tomu, „kolotoč výroby“, disponujúci silou empirizmu, vyvrátil mnoho analýz „ekologickej modernizácie“, ktorá ignoruje výrobné vzťahy a ktorá sa neskôr stala v environmentálnej sociológii dominantnou.
26 reviews
November 14, 2022
It was okay. Proves more than anything just how nothing new or original has been said by the environmental movement since this book was published. A lot of words just to say "the only solution is revolution" more or less.
Displaying 1 - 2 of 2 reviews