"You wretched pigmy...You arrogant heathen!".---Letter to Baruch Spinoza from a former student who had converted to Roman Catholicism.
"I believe in Spinoza's God, who takes no interest in his creation".---Albert Einstein
The fates decided that Spinoza, the most gentle and lovable of all philosophers, should arouse the most heated passions from Church, state, and mediocre philosophers and wannabes. Spinoza was excommunicated from Judaism by his fellow Jews in the Netherlands, wrongly condemned for atheism by his Dutch Christian compatriots and mostly misunderstood up until today. This "Correspondence" should help the uninitiated come to terms with one of the greatest minds who ever lived; a quiet soul who profoundly influenced Nietzsche, Freud, and Einstein. Here is the fighting yet quiet lens-grinder of Amsterdam explaining his concept of a pantheist God. "God exists necessarily and his existence can be proven mathematically". For that very reason, God is not the Creator conceived by monotheistic religions. He is the "only true substance, eternal and infinite", and thus never apart from his creation. "God is the sum of all physical laws". See where the charge of atheism crept in, from both Jews and Christians? Even hotter is Spinoza's claim in these letters that free will is an illusion, both in the physical and psychological spheres. Numerous correspondents accuse Big Baruch of excusing sin and evil this way: "The sinner couldn't help it". Spinoza is the ultimate determinist. "Past, present, and future have no meaning outside of our minds". No wonder Einstein found him a congenial fellow. To Spinoza's rhetorical question, "What choice did God have in creating the universe?" Einstein answered like a good disciple of the Master, "None at all". The "Correspondence" reads like a first-class conversation with a big, beautiful, broad, loving mind.
P.S. Post-Spinoza: Spokesmen for the Jewish community in Holland claim the excommunication of Spinoza can never be revoked. For starters, there is no one around today with the authority to revoke the harem. Nevertheless, he is now honored, particularly by secular Jews, as one of the most important Jewish voices of all times; a second Moses or Maimonides.