‘The Birthday Party’ may be described as a tragedy with countless comic elements; or we may call it a comedy which, however, also produces an awe-inspiring tragic consequence. But the most apposite marker for this play would be "the comedy of menace."
All the way through the play we are kept smiling, and yet all through the play we find ourselves also on the edge of fear. Some indescribable and indistinct trepidation keeps our nerves on an edge. We feel uncomfortable all the time, even when we are smiling or cheery with delight.
This twofold feature gives to the play an exceptional character.
A man called Stanley has taken sanctuary in a boarding-house in a seaside town. What he is running from and why he has hidden himself in this boarding-house is not made apparent at any point in the story. The landlady, Meg, who is much older than Stanley acts as a kind of mother to him but she is at the same time trying to flirt with him in order to become his mistress. Two strangers, Goldberg and McCann, then arrive out of the blue. Stanley feels edgy at the arrival of these two men, though Meg is glad that she has got two more lodgers in her boarding-house.
At the suggestion of the two men, Meg arranges a birthday party in honour of Stanley, though Stanley denies that it is his birthday. Finally, the two strangers take Stanley away with them after having tamed him in some unexplained method, either by physical aggression or by pure mental torment.
An atmosphere of inscrutability and ambiguity saturates the entire play so that at the end we are left wondering at, and confused by, the itinerary of events in the play.
The imprecision and murkiness of the play have led critics to construe it in a variety of ways:
1) It is said that the play is that it presents an image of man's dread on being driven out from his warm place of asylum on earth;
2) It is suggested that the play is an allegory for the process of growing up, of expulsion from the cosy world of childhood;
3) It is hinted that Stanley, the leading role, is the artist whom society claims back from a contented, bohemian existence and who is compelled by society to conform to its own standards of manner and behaviour;
4) Some say that Goldberg and McCann symbolize parts of Stanley's own sub-conscious mind
To conclude, ‘The Birthday Party’ is both a comedy and a tragedy in so far as there is an abundance to entertain us and plenty to depress. Again, the comic elements here are not so copious as to annul the disastrous consequence, nor are the disastrous elements in the play so reflective as to quash the comedy in it.
Besides, most of the comic and the tragic elements are intricately interwoven in the play, so that certain situations and certain remarks are concurrently humorous and wretched.
But we must identify the fact that the tragic elements in the play make a deeper and more lasting impression on our minds, while the comic elements are soon forgotten or gusted into the background.
The providence which Sunley meets is indisputably tragic, and at the end we find him to be a total wreck, mentally and physically. In view of this, if one of the two labels has to be chosen, the play should be regarded as a tragedy despite its comic elements and its humour (both of words and of situations).
A modern day classic, bedecked with layers of meaning!!