In 1965, in Dune, Frank Herbert wrote, “The conception of progress acts as a protective mechanism to shield us from the terror of the future.” After reading Srecko Horvat’s After the Apocalypse, Herbert seems remarkably prescient.
Warnings about climate change talk about what apocalyptic event is going to happen if we don’t do X by 2030 or Y by 2050. "Progress" in the forms of renewable energy, new vaccines, denuclearization, economic reform and averting “psychological breathlessness” will shield us from the consequences of the terrors that face us, but they won't in and of themselves avert those terrors. In opposition to this view of progress, Horvat posits nine theses to indicate that we are already living after the apocalypse, past what he terms the “eschatological tipping point,” when there will be no “new normal,” except as levels of extinction.
I first read this book almost a year ago and felt caught between the worlds of the films Idiocracy and Don’t Look Up. Every time I thought about what to write, a news article or opinion piece would come out confirming Horvat’s theses. When I first decided to write something on January 20th, 2022, the Doomsday Clock was moved closer to midnight, warning that existential threats to our existence had become closer to occurring. I couldn’t decide what to choose to affirm this movement and set the book aside. Now that I’ve decided to give it another shot, the pile of confirmations has just gotten thicker, and today, September 6, 2022, The Guardian carries an article on how “Agricultural pests that devour key food crops are advancing northwards in the US and becoming more widespread as the climate heats up….” Progress? Must we believe in magic?
Here are Horvat's nine theses, explained chapter by chapter, supporting his 175 page argument with 15 pages of notes to document his claims:
1. The Apocalypse has already happened.
2. Apocalypse as revelation
3. The struggle for meaning
4. Post-apocalyptic melancholy
(As a fan of the Portuguese idea of saudade, which is a longing for a past that we cannot
recapture, I really like this one as a corollary since it talks about a longing for a future that we
will never have.)
5. ‘Normalization’ of the Apocalypse
6. Eschatological tipping points
7. Extinction is ‘supraliminal’ (beyond our ability to understand)
8. Time beyond ‘progress’
9. Another end of the world is still possible
After presenting and explaining these theses, Horvat tells us that “Our only choice today is a radical re-invention of the world - or mass extinction.” At the end of an article on “The Shitshow in Glasgow” (in The Baffler), Eric Dean Wilson quotes Greta Thunberg as saying, “Our hopes and dreams drown in their empty words and promises.”
That “Wuhan (COVID) is everywhere,” “Chernobyl is everywhere,” excess accumulation of wealth among the few is everywhere, are tipping points occurring simultaneously, everywhere. We stand before an “ontological abyss” that can only be avoided if we “re-invent the world.” Nelson Mandela said that “The attacks of the wild beast cannot be averted with only bare hands.” Bare-handed gestures like the slow adoption of electric vehicles and the blah, blah blah of empty promises at international conventions will not produce the radical re-invention necessary to avert what is coming. In his criticism of Hegel’s philosophy of gradualism and in favor of radical revolution, Lenin noted that “the ruling classes are incapable of responding to the catastrophe in any other way than by expediting it.” According to the Federal Reserve, climate change will increase the risk of financial shocks to the system (“Financial Stability Report,” Nov.16, 2020), yet Wall Street banks continue to finance fossil fuel projects, i.e. expediting the catastrophe (“Banking on clean energy instead of climate chaos,” The Hill, Aug.20, 2022). A sea level rise of 10 inches is locked in, and the Marshall Islands location where atomic waste from h-bomb tests on Bikini Atoll that Horvat notes will be flooded. After the recent monsoon floods in Pakistan and Alabama, we are all, literally and metaphorically, looking for higher ground. A nuclear reactor in Ukraine larger than Chernobyl is threatened by Putin’s transnational war crimes, not protected by transnational cooperation. Seven states have to agree on how to reduce the amount of water they each take from the Colorado River to avert catastrophe. There is no re-invention going on here. In Saving Capitalism, Robert Reich writes that “saving” a system based on extraction, exploitation, and expansion, regardless of how its “benefits” are distributed, will not solve the problems of life after the Apocalypse. The system itself has to be radically re-invented. In a talk to students at Dartmouth College, Noam Chomsky told them, "Your generation is facing a choice, each one has to ask: 'Do I want to get ahead, or do I want to put efforts into saving human society and millions of other species from destruction?'" This is not just an academic question to discuss over cocktails. The collective answer of each of us will determine whether there will be a future for human society and those millions of other species.
In his last chapter and postscript, Horvat asks, “how do we at least create another end of the world that isn't the nightmare currently unfolding in places where the collision has already begun?”, when there is no difference between “progress” and “catastrophe?” As Thesis #9 notes, "Another end of the world is still possible," but we must all take radical action towards not just a more equitable but a more sustainable future based on making do with less rather than pursuing more. From the Tao (#53) to Meister Eckhardt, to Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, to Rachel Carson, E.F. Schumacher, Thomas Picketty, Heather McGhee, Greta Thunberg, Rutger Bregman, Rhiana Gunn-Wright, and many others, answers to Horvat’s question have been and are now readily available. Time for listening to and acting on their voices is running out. So Sisyphus keeps pushing his boulder back up the mountain.