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可能性的艺术:比较政治学30讲

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一个和平“爆发”的年代?

历史“终结论”的终结?

国家能力从何而来?

文明的冲突是一个过时的预言?

……

面对林林总总的政治问题,作者带领我们以一种比较的视角,在民主问责和国家能力两个政治比较的核心维度下,建立起观察的参照系,将不同体制、不同经济发展水平的国家纳入比较的视野,去分析我们的时代背景和全球化进程,讨论不同国家的政治转型与国家能力,以及文化和经济对政治变迁的影响。

“政治是可能性的艺术。”当我们将面对的政治现实当作一万种可能性之一来对待时,就能从此时此地抽离,获得一种俯瞰的视角,进而再聚焦定位现实,在浩瀚的可能性中理解我们自身。

376 pages, Hardcover

First published April 1, 2022

71 people are currently reading
291 people want to read

About the author

刘瑜

18 books44 followers
刘瑜,女,1975年12月出生,博士,清华大学人文社会科学学院政治学系副教授,女。学者,作家,诗人,网名“Drunkpiano”,“醉钢琴”,网络写手。写小说,随笔,政论。生于1975年12月。本科毕业于中国人民大学,2006年美国哥伦比亚大学政治学博士,哈佛大学博士后,现为清华大学人文社科学院政治系副教授。《民主的细节:当代美国政治观察》,上海三联书店出版社2009年版,另有学术随笔和时政评论若干,散见于《南方周末》、《财经》、《新周刊》、《南方人物周刊》、《东方瞭望周刊》等刊物。

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 69 reviews
Profile Image for 吕不理.
377 reviews50 followers
July 11, 2022
在觉得全世界都疯掉的时候读到这本书实在是太好了 政治启蒙小册。

政治创造可能 但政治也有边界。政治的艺术是可能性 可得性的艺术 是不断改进的次优解。某个程度上也让我想到小刘的《拜占庭同情》来。政治学没有常识 什么是民主 什么是自由 什么正义。恶的恶果可能源于不受约束的善的动因。

衡量政治发展的尺子是民主问责和国家能力 缺一不可。我们的核心价值观是什么是一方面 如何诠释则是另一方面。社会新闻一出出令人忍不住捏把冷汗。没自信说世界会变好 但看看古今中外的纵横比较我们可以说一切都能更糟。要警惕!要警惕一切狂热啊
22 reviews1 follower
July 5, 2022
说起来是刘的老粉了,从高中开始,就读了 民主的细节,观念的水位,送你一颗子弹等等。

老实说对这本书比较失望,读完这本书,我脑子里留下的是一个一个的案例,并没有形成系统的知识脉络。她提出的民主问责和国家能力的二维坐标系也没有很好的展开,当前的世界政治如何映射到这张坐标系上面?对中国在这个坐标系中的位置三缄其口,对中国未来的政治方向绝口不提,只简单提及民国时期的军阀和封建的官僚系统,将比较政治学变成了是比较他国政治学。

她在书中反反复复出现经济自由,还有提及“非自由的民主”但却对民主,自由,国家的关系语焉不详。

更可怕的,我读完全书觉得政治研究,或者比较政治研究是非常滞后的,刘也说政治学研究会随时事而变,今日之研究是不停的开发新的理论来拟合过去的政治历史,这样的解释学有多少前瞻性,能提供多少的洞察,让我更加心存疑窦。
Profile Image for WaldenOgre.
733 reviews93 followers
December 4, 2022
刘瑜说她对自己身上的“政治学常识的普及者”这个标签有所不适,也不认为政治学里有什么公认的常识。可我还是觉得她的这本新书,除了“普及政治学常识”之外,再也没有更合适的描述了。但这里的“常识”,不是关于终点的常识,而是关于起点的常识。

我自己身边有太多太多的熟人,要么对政治完全无感,要么一谈起政治来就是满嘴跑火车,把所有那些被灌输到他们脑袋里的东西又原封不动地丢了出来。那么,我想,刘瑜的这本新书于他们而言,是一个很好的起点。对于前者,大可引用全书序言第一页里的那段话:“我们又不得不试图理解政治……因为政治中有我们命运的源头。”对于后者,书中末尾的另一段话会更合适些:“一个普通人要从‘不假思索’中走出来,他必须跳出‘此时此刻’,获得一个更高更远的视角,足以看到历史深处的亡灵,以及道路尽头的悬崖。”

出于众所周知的原因,整本书对中国的现状极少涉及(即使这样它也照样被下架了),但我觉得这并不构成严重的障碍。因为如果你能对世界各国有一个起码的了解,那么中国的问题和它在世界上的真实位置,就几乎是不言而喻的了。李普赛特说:“只懂一个国家的人不懂任何国家”。我想,把这句话颠倒一下,也是大体成立的:“懂得这个世界的人不可能完全不懂中国”。

写作这样一本用浅显直白的语言来普及政治学常识的书,是可贵的努力。况且,时不时地在各个不起眼的角落里,刘瑜仍旧能够显示出她在语言和文字上的不俗造诣。而对于已经来到起点的读者,书后的“参考书目”部分就是极好的指引。它们通向了一个更复杂而有趣的远方。
573 reviews9 followers
June 17, 2022
今年读过最好的一本非虚构,敢说敢写,尺度可以,不知道几年后还能不能存在。
Profile Image for Tianxiao.
134 reviews2 followers
July 25, 2022
当下的宣传话术,对每个人的大脑都是强烈的冲击,造成越来越多的极化的情绪。
本书就是在撕裂的大环境下,给自己争取到一份清醒的思考的机会。
180 reviews
January 26, 2023
理解人类社会进程,要从横向和纵向两方面(历史和空间范围)。

法国大革命是“不自由的民主”(“以捍卫王权的名义打压自由已经失去道德魅惑力,但是民主理念中所包含的平等激情,集团激情,动员激情却可能为碾压自由提供道德合法性。”)。“民主是关于如何产生执政者的规则的,而自由则是关于如何限制执政者的规则的。”“制度改写易,移风易俗难。”

“一方面,自由的社会一定是多元的,有裂痕的;另一方面,民主意味着政治动员,而政治动员可能暴露社会裂痕。””民主制度天然具有自我颠覆的危险性。”“对于民主转型,推翻威权政府只是民主革命的上半场,克服社会撕裂则是民主转型的下半场。下半场比上半场更艰难。推翻威权政府只需要推翻一个统治集团,而克服社会撕裂则需要所有阵营同时保持克制。”

印度为例,社会压迫比政府压迫走得更远(表亲的专制)。民主是一个试错过程。

威权浪漫主义和优胜者偏见。威权体制治理绩效巨大方差(大治/明君或者大乱/昏君)。

“和而不同”之道:不同的社会群体,不论民族,教派,阶层,党派,艰难地学习如何与不同的人,哪怕是所仇恨的人,共同生活在一起。

国家的本质是暴力垄断。国家能力缔造秩序(现代公共服务体系的前提),保护产权(促进经济发展),可能是特定经济发展模式的发动机。国家能力投影及其漫长。

16世纪开始的密集战争,催生了欧洲各国的常备军建设,财政国家建设,官僚体系建设。这就是“战争缔造国家”的机制。

真正的民主文化是参与精神,服从意识以及政治冷淡这三者的混合体。

权力如何制造“暴民”?暴力和高压,利益诱惑,和意识形态。

作者认为亨廷顿的“文明冲突论”在两点上是对的:第一,在特定的历史时刻,政治文化的差异是真实存在的。第二,在一个全球化加速的时代,文化差异可能带来激烈的冲突。

但作者不同意亨廷顿“东西文化对决”的判断。文明圈内部离心力在增强,国家间冲突未必是文明的冲突,个国内部是“文明冲突”的主要战场(传统派和进步派前进步伐不一致)。
Profile Image for Seike Liu.
70 reviews3 followers
January 8, 2023
学到了很多,也推翻了一些曾经以为学到的东西。
记了满满一大叠的flashcards,找到了一些困扰已久的问题的一些可能的答案。
还是想引用刘老师自己的话:“如果知识是确切的,专制就是必要的。恰恰是知识的不确定性,让我们需要在每一个时代、每一个情境中不断重返基本的道德问题和历史经验,用我们自己的头脑思考,并以这种思考成就人之为人的尊严。”
这个答案送给过去两年被伦理学,女性主义,政治哲学,法哲学的左右互殴迷茫到陷入黑洞的自己。
Profile Image for Barack Liu.
600 reviews20 followers
May 27, 2024

520-Politics is the art of the Possible-Liu Yu-Politics-2022

Barack
2024/05/26

“Politics is the art of the Possible” was first published in 2022. It takes us to establish a reference system for observation from a comparative perspective, under the two core dimensions of political comparison, democratic accountability, and state capacity, and incorporates countries with different systems and different levels of economic development into the comparative perspective to analyze our era and the process of globalization, discuss the political transformation and state capacity of different countries, and the impact of culture and economy on political change.

Liu Yu was born in Poyang, Jiangxi Province in 1975. She studied at Renmin University of China and Columbia University. She is currently an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Tsinghua University. Her research and teaching interests include comparative democratization, political culture, Chinese politics, and American politics.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Global Vision
1. The Dimension of Political Comparison
2. The “burst” of peace: a golden age?
3. The world and me: the domino effect of the international situation
Chapter 2 Political Transformation
6. The End of the “End of History” Theory? (1)
7. The End of the “End of History” Theory? (2)
8. France’s Past: The First Titanic in the Transformation Wave
Chapter 3 State Building
14. What is a country? Let’s start with the Mexican drug cartels
15. Why should we “bring the state back”? The reincarnation of comparative politics
16. Where does state power come from? War
Chapter 4 Political Culture
21. Revolution in Korean Films: The Level of Concepts and the Change of Institutions
22. What is democratic culture? Thailand’s dilemma
23. Is evil really banal? Mob archaeology
Chapter 5 Political Economy
26. Chile: After Pinochet
27. Venezuela: How to destroy a country?
28. A New Gilded Age? The Specter of Inequality (1)

Comparative politics is the comparison of political systems and other aspects of different countries. Human beings are social animals, and comparison is a human nature that helps people find their position in society. Our happiness and sadness depend not only on our absolute situation but also on the relative situation obtained through comparison. In traditional society, this kind of positioning may be easy to find, but in today's society, when the Internet simultaneously shows us heaven and hell that we would never be able to touch in our lifetime in traditional times, it is difficult for our rationality to resist these shocks. The same principle applies to comparisons between countries. When we see people who are more handsome, rich, healthy, and smarter than us on the Internet, we will have a comparison mentality, which will arouse jealousy and desire, but these desires are often difficult to satisfy, thus bringing pain. Comparisons between countries actually have similar situations. When we see that other countries have higher GDPs and better material conditions, we tend to ignore other issues. Comparative politics is an attempt to help us think rationally about these differences and phenomena.

The author mentioned two important dimensions to judge whether a country's development is healthy and whether the development effect is good. One is democratic accountability, that is, to what extent the country's policies and guidelines can reflect public opinion. The other dimension is national capacity, which is specifically reflected in the country's mobilization capacity, and one of the important manifestations is the ability to levy taxes. Because money is the most important resource for most people afterlife. Countries with strong national capacity and high democracy are often places that most people in the world yearn for, and people are willing to go to these countries to study, work, and live. On the other hand, countries with poor national capacity and low democracy are not only under authoritarian rule but are also usually poor and backward. Most countries are in one of the other two situations. The first is that the state capacity is strong but the degree of democratic accountability is low, just like a car with a powerful engine, but the steering wheel is not in the hands of the people, and only a few people decide its direction. Such a country may go further and further on the wrong path, or it may create miracles under the leadership of a strongman, and both "great governance" and "great chaos" may occur. The second situation is the opposite, with strong democratic accountability but weak national capacity. In such a country, although the development direction is correct and can reflect public opinion, due to the lack of strong execution capabilities, good intentions cannot be implemented. Then we will naturally have confusion: why do some countries have a high degree of democracy while others have a low degree? What determines a country's degree of democracy? Why do some countries have strong state capacity while others have weak state capacity? What are the factors that determine state capacity? In addition, for countries with low democratic accountability, how can their democratic accountability be improved? For countries with weak state capacity, how can their state capacity be enhanced? Will these improvements inevitably lead to social progress and people's happy lives?

There is a term called "liberal hegemony", which refers to those countries that have the power to dominate and adopt the ideology of liberalism. This situation has an important impact on the large-scale peace and prosperity that has lasted for more than 70 years in the world since World War II. Of course, this peace and prosperity is not absolute, but a conclusion drawn from a longitudinal comparison relative to human history. In the past few decades, people have gradually formed a way of thinking that tomorrow will be better than today. But is this really the case? Especially when we observe history, we may realize that this assertion is not an inevitable phenomenon. It is very necessary to always be vigilant against the disappearance of peace and the reappearance of chaos. When we look at problems, sometimes we need to observe from a higher dimension and for a longer time, so that we are not easily lost in the details. When we pay too much attention to the good or bad details, it is easy to ignore history, thus generating bias and forming excessive optimism or excessive pessimism.

We have noticed a phenomenon that the speed of immigration is inversely proportional to the speed of immigrant integration. In other words, the faster the immigration speed, the slower the integration speed. Part of the explanation for this phenomenon is that when a certain ethnic group exists in large numbers, people will naturally choose to be with their own ethnic group rather than forcing themselves to actively integrate into an unfamiliar environment. For example, 100 years ago, Chinese students went to the United States to study. Because there were too few Chinese people around them, the students had to actively or passively interact with Americans. The longer you spend with the locals, the faster the integration process will naturally be formed. However, today, there are already a large number of Chinese in the living environment of international students, so we are more inclined to study, work, and live with the Chinese, and the integration process will naturally weaken. After World War II, there was a large-scale immigration wave. The number of immigrants in some countries increased significantly in a relatively short period of time, and conflicts with local people who were born and raised would break out. This conflict made some locals feel that their interests were harmed, thus generating xenophobia. It's like when we invite one or two guests to our home, as the host, we have enough dominance, so we are naturally more tolerant of the guests. But if a dozen or even dozens of guests suddenly come in, they are numerous and help each other, psychologically and factually they become the hosts, and our status as hosts is threatened, so we will naturally feel wary or even disgusted. As a result, a large amount of xenophobia has emerged, which is reflected in the election of leaders and has also led to the emergence of extreme right-wing political tendencies in various countries.

When we talk about South Africa, it is almost inevitable to mention Mandela. In official propaganda, Mandela is basically presented as a democratic fighter and hero. However, in some forum messages I have seen, some people believe that Mandela handed over South Africa's economic lifeline to others, which was a credit to the world, but a fault to South Africa. The author of this book uses GDP figures to measure South Africa's democratic transition before and after, but who actually created GDP? Is it South African citizens or foreign capital? Does the final profit flow to the country or overseas? These questions have not been fully explored. When I was a child, I thought that those who were praised by everyone were heroes, and those who were criticized by everyone were bad people. For a long time, I took a dualistic view of the world. But in fact, as I grow older, I realize that criticism and praise depend on who is expressing these views. It is very important to understand who the interest groups behind are.

The author cites the example of India here to explore why India has implemented democratic practices for more than 70 years since its founding in 1947 but has not achieved the expected results. I have come into contact with a large number of Indian students and Indian immigrants in the United States, and I think they have many advantages worth learning from, such as being good at socializing, daring to express themselves, and taking the initiative in words and deeds. I am already considered a relatively extroverted person among Chinese students, but I still hardly take the initiative to say hello to strangers. Most new relationships are established because strangers take the initiative to say hello to me. If you don't take the initiative to establish contact with others, but wait for others to contact you, the efficiency of establishing social relationships can be imagined. I searched for relevant data on Wikipedia. In 2021, the per capita household income of Americans was $69,700, while the per capita household income of Indian Americans was $152,300, the per capita household income of Chinese Americans was $100,400, and the per capita household income of white people was $74,900. The overwhelming advantage of Indians can also be seen from income. However, I am confused as to why, although India is also developing rapidly, it still seems to be inferior to the success of Indians who have developed overseas. Does this mean that Indians have a weaker sense of belonging to India than Chinese, resulting in a higher proportion of elite loss in India than in China? Or, if the degree of elite loss in India can be reduced to the same level as that in China, will India's development be better than that of China?

When mentioning the model of national capacity, the author cited China as an example. For more than two thousand years from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the present, China's centralization has been continuously strengthened. From a positive point of view, this political model with the cooperation of the civil service group and the imperial power has brought relative political stability, so that although dynasties have changed, the culture has been passed down. Today, even if we look at the Qin and Han Dynasties, or even the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period two thousand years later, we still have a strong resonance, rather than the alienation of today's Egyptians when they look at ancient Egyptian civilization. However, from a negative point of view, excessive stability may also mean the loss of innovation and vitality. "Everything is inferior, only reading is high", personal interests and talents are no longer important, the only important thing is to study and become an official to change your life. This is a bit like today's popular majors, computer and finance. It doesn't matter whether you like it or not. What matters is that through these two majors, you are more likely to find a high-paying job and thus change your destiny. As I grow older, I find that things in the world are very complicated, and the reason for the complexity is its multifaceted nature. Whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages or the disadvantages outweigh the advantages often changes with changes in the environment. Before the Industrial Revolution, China's political system was more stable than that of its contemporaries. Although strong national capacity often harms individual interests, being Chinese seems to be happier than other countries and regions in the same period. However, in modern society after the industrial revolution, the new social development model has turned the advantages of the stable social model developed by China in the past two or three thousand years into a kind of disadvantage. Will the persistent pursuit of stability and the suppression of personal personality and innovation make us easily restrain ourselves from innovation, thereby weakening our own competitiveness?

Profile Image for X-Ray Xu.
26 reviews
May 7, 2023
几乎没提当代中国但还是被列为禁书,可见还很有水平的。

书名来自于俾斯麦的名言“Politics is the art of the possible, the attainable — the art of the next best”。如果指望中美、中日成为最好的朋友,是art of the impossible,但是如果两个国家趋利避害,小心避雷,保持不温不火的和平,这个就是art of the possible了。

比较政治学的作用是理解“山川异域日月同天” vs. “淮南为橘淮北为枳”,避免幸存者偏差,在差异比较中寻找主要矛盾和客观规律。投资分析中,跨国家、跨历史比较不同商业模式的发展演化,也有类似的作用。

政治可以扼杀市场的力量和个人的努力,但却不能替代市场的力量和个人的努力。在这个意义上,政治就像足球比赛公平的规则和裁判。一场球赛踢得是否精彩,公平的游戏规则只是一个必要条件,而不是充分条件。

Michael Mann说权力有4种形态,军事、经济、政治、还有就是意识形态。类似权力的游戏里面的寓言:“一个国王、一个教士和一个富商同在一室,中间站了一个剑手,他们都叫这个剑手杀掉另外两个人,剑手会杀谁?”

历史上的帝国扩张模式,从领土扩张,到英国的代理人战争,到美国的意识形态输出。现阶段的自由霸权是欧美国家试图在全球的规模上复制其自身,而有些国家更想要的是民族自豪感,宗教归属感,是文明的认同。中国不输出意识形态的外交模式是否是未来。

许多国家民主转型失败,或因为胜利者不能保持宽容,革命斗士痛打落水狗。或因为失败者不接受失败,掀翻棋盘破坏规则。更多的因为制度和习俗的脱节,毕竟制度的变化相对容易,而文化、社会、经济的变化非常缓慢。

因为,在人们学会宽容,学会耐心,学会同理心,学会从各种集体主义的轮椅中站起来,迈出个体的步伐之前,没有什么政治可以成为改造生活的魔法。“自由不会降临于人类,人类必须上升至其高度”。
Profile Image for Empt Drawr.
16 reviews
January 3, 2023
终于看完了。微信读书删了六万多字,我也懒得去一一对比电子书去找删的哪些了。
先说一下获益之处:
1.部分理解了为什么法革会失败,会在共和国和帝国之间不断回旋、拉扯;以不民主的方式来妄图获得民主,割裂中又带有一丝希望;或许是卢梭的社会契约论就有本质性的问题(对人性期望过高)
2.对韩国民主有了一些表面的认识,“观念的水位”这个理念把我很混乱的一些思考清晰地凝练了出来(btw原来《观念的水位》也是刘瑜写的)
3.了解了更多“冷门”国家的政治,特别是非洲和拉美国家
4.警惕过分的政治热情
5.“保守派”和“进步派“之间的争端或许才是当今世界的主流…
一些让我很不适的地方:
1.隐隐约约的一股爹味,女大学生“近水楼台先得月”截取精英男,你要不要看看你在说什么…
2.感觉整本书确实比较主观,这或许也是这本书“口语化表达、让读者感到亲切、平易近人、生动语言”的另一面,即不够客观(很不愿意说“理性”这个词)
3.微信读书删减六万字,号称全网唯一可读的地方,你到底是不是在诈骗🕯️🕯️
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
2 reviews
July 11, 2022
非常好!以自己肤浅的见识想不明白的问题,这本书至少能给人提供一个角度。没那么多非黑即白,还是要结合经济历史文化多思考。
Profile Image for Lee Andy.
310 reviews6 followers
December 10, 2022
刘瑜《可能性艺术:比较政治学30讲》听完了。书极好,属于知识类而不是观念类。书后记重要的一个观点我非常同意:“政治干不好能让社会变得很坏,干的好未必就能社会变得更好。”
作者提供的新的知识与观念这里梳理一下。
一、作者用大量的数据史实说明现代比古代好的多。这个观点我原来就同意。像古人九成五都处于贫困线以下的史料夯实了我的观点。至于未来会不会更好,刘瑜先生谨慎的乐观,我到觉得短时段有点悲观,长时段不知道。
二、第三次民主化的退潮。没想到的是全球民主化或有民主成分的国家已经这么多了。关于原因,作者隐含的意思是自由比民主更重要。当然这里的自由是有明确内涵与外延的。消极自由比积极自由更重要!一个人有不干什么的权力,退出的权力,说不的权力,不合作的权力似乎更重要。
三、作者分析的几种民主失败:提出了法国大革命式的不自由的民主,表亲式的印度民主,委瑞内拉共产乌托邦的民主,泰国猴急式的民主,埃及撕裂与不宽容。这些分析都非常有价值。
四、作者提出国家的能力本质是“坐商暴力集团”;美国是例外。来源于战争。这个说法似乎不能同意。人的本质应该还是合作。战斗那是低地大猩猩都会做的事。如果国家产生于战争,或者说一群人为了防止另一群人的奴役而产生国家。那么这一群人内部也可能因产生奴役关系而分崩离析。这个逻辑会导致人群的无限可分性。人就会变成老虎,一山不能容二虎。坐商暴力集团之说也只能说是很像的似是而非的说法。共同体形成于合作,合作的之所以能形成来源于合作能产生于极数效应。当然刘瑜这里的说法和霍布斯的契约论或吴思的血酬定律有一些相似。霍布斯认为专制者不提供任何商品,只提供安全。因为无政府状态是最糟糕的状态,并且人与人之间是狼。被统治者为了避免这种状态才屈服于暴君的皮鞭。吴思则认为中国古代是血酬逻辑,统治者会对被统治者进行试探性的逐渐增大的索取,直到社会的治理全面崩溃。20世纪20年代的四川土匪,因为三舍五十里一匪,匪比羊多。几年之后山上的土匪开荒。这是匪变民的开端。当然也可以说国家的形成既是暴力性的也是合作性的。现代化国家合作性高,暴力性小。反之。这种说法是对的。总之,我还是认为,共同体,大到国家小到家庭,之所以能够存在,其根本原因在于合作,即大家有利可图。糖和鞭子,韩非子称之为二柄。糖比鞭子更重要。
Profile Image for Dust007.
42 reviews1 follower
December 18, 2022
非常好的一本政治学入门书籍,本书是“看理想”上的一个讲座的讲稿,成书时,第8节有改写,俄罗斯的例子改成了18世纪的法国,第16节“国家能力越强越好吗?苏联往事”被整章删除。本书源自口语讲稿,流畅自不必说,文字竟然还非常的��美,没有一点口水话在里面,非常之难得。

本书关注的核心问题是“什么是比较政治学”,作者通过两个维度—民主程度和国家能力,以及由此二维所划分的四个象限分析比较了若干典型国家的政治状况,以实际案例讲解了比较政治学的一些概念和常识。全书共分5个部分,依次介绍了当前的国际格局和全球化背景,政治转型中民主与威权的嬗变逻辑,国家能力的关键指标及来源,以及政治的文化土壤和政治与经济发展之间的相互影响问题。

本文中,作者一再强调政治不是灵丹妙药,它是有局限性的,政治上限不高下限极低,坏的政治体制会引发灾难性后果,而好的政治制度却无法直接给我们带来海晏河清的太平盛世。相比经济的高度发展,良善社会的建成要缓慢得多,它需要社会各界人士的协作,容忍与耐心,在一遍遍的试错中学习,一小步一小步慢慢夯实政治资本,良善社会才能稳固。在这个漫长的过程中,观念水位的提升与政治文化土壤的培养尤为重要,所以政治问题最终还是归结为人的问题。这一点,作者在第二章末尾有明确点出:“真正的救世方案,不是某个政治强人的铁血政策,而是不同的社会群体,不论民族、教派、阶层、党派,真正理解“和而不同”之道,艰难地学习如何与不同的人,哪怕是所仇恨的人,共同生活在一起。”

本书整体上我都非常叹服作者的学识的渊博与观点的有理有据,只是个别细节观点上有商榷之处。例如第11节作者谈到“政体有限论”时说“民主的功能是什么?可能每个人的理解不同,我的理解是,民主最重要的功能,就是通过给民众制度化的发言权,来解决统治者任意妄为的问题。或者用现在的常见说法,是“把权力关进笼子里”。这是它的核心功能”,第8节作者阐述了何为“不自由的民主”,很明显“不自由的民主”是无法“把权力关进笼子里”,所以这个地方,我理解作者想要表达的是真正的与自由保持同步的民主,而非各种“伪劣化的民主”。实际上,我认为能把权力关进笼子是自由而非民主。

此外,在第12节讲“民主是一个试错过程”时,作者说“作为社会的一员,我们有机会去改变社会,而当权力被垄断,我们却很难改变政府。”我同意作者的后半句,相比自由主义,在“威权制”或“不自由民主制”中人们更难改变政府,这是毫无疑义的。我不同意作者的前半句,我认为改变社会也是非常非常难的,其难度与垄断权力的情形下改变政府的难度并无可比性。正如作者在序言中所提到的“优胜者偏见”(survivor's bias),在这个地方,作者似乎犯了一个同样的错误。作为清华教授,作者有自己的宣传口径和信息辐射力,她可以把自己的观念通过课堂和讲座输送给听众以达到改变社会的功效,因而作者似乎认为改变社会是相对容易的。实际上,改变社会习俗和一些固有观念是非常困难的,男女平等喊了这么多年,让我们看看在企业高管政府高层中女性占比离50%还有多远?我认为这段话体现了作者的特定视角及其局限性。
Profile Image for Maverick Mo.
76 reviews
October 26, 2022
【2022Book17】"Politics Is the Art of the Possible" by Liu Yu. This is an introductory book on comparative politics. It provided a lot of interesting perspectives on how many countries become what they are nowadays - from China, the United States, South Korea, and Germany (I am relatively familiar with) to Afghanistan, Chile, Egypt, Thailand, and Venezuela (I knew very little before). Some stories of these countries are breathtaking. I think Liu Yu is quite brave to state some ideas in this book. Some people may think this book is a bit idealistic, but after reading it, I am still willing to believe that the world will get better one day, although it might become worse before that day.

【2022Book17】维维力荐的刘瑜的《可能性的艺术》。这是一本比较政治学的普及读物。它提供了很多非常有趣的视角,让我了解了很多国家为什么是现在这个样子——从相对比较熟悉的中、美、韩、德,到以前根本不了解的阿富汗、智利、埃及、泰国以及委内瑞拉。有的章节读起来真的非常震撼。我觉得刘瑜真的非常勇敢。也许有人依然会觉得这本书有些理想主义,但是看完之后,我个人还是愿意相信,这个世界会有好起来的一天。

Profile Image for Nlimpid.
17 reviews1 follower
October 29, 2022
前段时间刚看完,最近在翻第二遍。尝试总结下这本书。

说句大逆不道的话,我对这本书的评价是一般,但仍然值得一读,微信读书上就有,如果大家时间不是很多,只读第一大章就可以了。对我来说,第一章引发的思考非常多。大家可能注意到了,最近100年全球的经济、寿命、国家发展都远超前几千年,同时随着全球化的发展,世界向着命运共同体的发展,大家都有美好的未来。可是真有这么美好吗?这本书是 2022 年 4 月份出版的,而其实美好的未来在这个时间点已经被打破了。

新冠肺炎依旧肆虐,俄罗斯战争爆发,中美贸易战争僵持,日本前首相被刺杀等等等等。普通人的生命尚无法保证,还谈什么共同体呢?我还是相信「均值回归」,各国不可能一直都顺风顺水的发展下去,当矛盾激化产生冲突,最终不可能避免走向极端。

后面的篇章着重「比较」,比较了各国的政治制度的演化对国家发展和经济的影响。案例非常多,读完也有点晕乎乎,不过这部分我的感觉是对比有点经不起推敲,国家由民主转变成独裁经济也未必变差,国家发展变数太大,政治可能只是一部分。当然刘瑜老师自己也提到这一点,只是这个推敲过程有点不可信。

另外本书最好玩的一点是完全没有提到现代的中国,相比于刘瑜老师之前的书还是太克制啦。
Profile Image for Xuchunyu.
13 reviews
December 4, 2022
政治只是提供一种可能,并非结果。哪怕是最适合的制度也只提供向上的可能,他无法替代社会关系和个人付出的努力。并且他对向下概不负责。作者的比方打得很好,合理的规则对于球赛是必要条件,但是球赛好不好看取决于球员是否优秀。

任何国家及公民是开放抑或是保守,是富裕抑或是贫穷,是民主抑或是威权,未来都是不得而知。但是一片肥沃的土地上是否可能生活安逸,有那么多历史和现实的佐证,答案是一定的。历程是漫长的但未必一定是痛苦的。

“对于一个国家而言,命运指向何方,常常取决于 “沉默的大多数”是否继续沉默下去。”

政治≠意识形态,国家≠民族,自由≠民主,民主≠万能药

这个国家的命运将来会是什么样,是迷茫的。连民主转型成功也不过是有向好的契机,可我们连这个契机都未必存在。 没有客观的政治教育,没有客观的历史教育,没有国家和公民的认识,自下而上的改革在这个全球化的洪流下能找到出路吗? 新冠过去之后,这个问题的答案也许会更加令人唏嘘。

中国人的人性是从何时开始变得冷漠?
Profile Image for Kevin_Raccoon.
79 reviews3 followers
November 28, 2022
非常理想的一本政治思维启蒙书和政治学常识著作,自然是不能讨论中国,但我想每个读者都能他国案例中自己迁移比较对号入座。课程讲稿的体例读起来非常流畅,同时也做到了保证文字的信息量语句不啰嗦。刘瑜的语言非常棒,你都知道这些points但是她就表达得更好更生动。整本书政治现实主义的基调很好,几乎没有主流政治学圈里常见的regime type bias,政治制度是重要的,但政体的作用又是有限的,既要认识到民主并不天然许诺善治,更要批驳威权浪漫主义和强人政治想象,政治转型是艰难的,即使转型成功了,一不小心还会掉与“不自由民主”的陷阱。个人尤其推荐23章“恶真的平庸吗?”写得深刻,为什么人会作恶,“个体的恶或许乏味, 但是集体的恶从来并不平庸”。
Profile Image for Grace.
96 reviews2 followers
March 9, 2024
一直喜欢刘瑜。
从她的言说(行文)方式中获得的享受,不是金戈铁马酣畅琳琳的快意,而是闲庭信步的静静喜悦。又像临窗观雨:雨大雨小,全由你自己判断;是否非出门不可,也全由你自己拿主意。
但她是如假包换的学者。冷静而中肯,理性而温和。说理严谨——观点明确,脉络清晰,举证详实——却又不失语言的俏皮与诙谐,既拉近与大众的距离又亲切易懂,没有丝毫“传道”者真理在握、居高临下的傲慢。
因而阅读过程中也不由自主地做起了勤恳的文抄公。
作为行外的普通读者,我们虽无力评判她的学术高度,却不碍感觉她与刻板印象中的学者略有不同:她在让人知性获益之余,还颇为可爱。这大概就是佛教徒常说的“善巧方便”?
人类最值得学会使用的工具,到底还是思想。
Profile Image for Henry Wu.
18 reviews
August 8, 2024
读政治学或者政治哲学的书,像是在照镜子,无论处在光谱的哪个位置,都能映射出自己身上的光荣与梦想、卑下与龌龊。它也像是在筛筛子,通过自由、平等、公平、正义的经纬线,筛除人群中的自恋者、反智者和没有思辨能力的二极管。
人类的健忘,使远去的历史崭新得如同眼前的未来;混乱的大门,也往往经由良善之手敲开。政治存在着太多的悖论,而共存的先决条件,是每一个参与者抛却计算的包容以及具备对人类命运的爱意。
世界上从来不缺由纯粹激情迸发出的勇敢,然而只有具备充满智慧的耐心,才能使人们活得到收获的秋天。先进与保守,在历史的长河里此消彼长,相互转化。但是对生命的温柔共情能跨越所有政治分歧,推动或多或少的幸运儿,驶向真理的彼岸。
Profile Image for Yang.
36 reviews
January 11, 2025
可能是期望太高所以我读完比较失望,并且我觉得远远达不到9.1分的水平,8.3差不多了,所以只给三星。
先说一下获益之处:
1.部分理解了为什么法革会失败,会在之后的相当长一段时间内、在共和国和帝国之间不断回旋、拉扯(或许是卢梭的社会契约论有本质性问题)
2.对韩国民主有了一些表面的认识,“观念的水位”这个理念把我很混乱的一些思考清晰地凝练了出来
3.了解了更多“冷门”国家的政治,特别是非洲和拉美国家
4.警惕过分的政治热情
5.“保守派”和“进步派“之间的争端或许才是当今世界的主流
一些让我很不适的地方:
1.隐隐约约的一股爹味,女大学生“近水楼台先得月”截取精英男,你要不要看看你在说什么…
2.感觉整本书确实比较主观
Profile Image for Chelsea.
159 reviews
July 25, 2022
看完总结,对政治的判断不要基于时事新闻事件. 它需要抽离现象从外俯视.在泰国的民主难以稳定引入了政治狂热vs服从规则,如果说政治运动需要激情去号召,那么全民的过度参与带来的是隐含未道明的乌合之众,街头政治始终无法转为常态政治,制度化无法建立. 近来看的印度电影《比伊·吉姆》和《宿敌》突破了宝莱坞之前的歌舞限定直面社会中的种姓制度,官员腐败,新闻操纵学生运动等问题之前还好奇为何印度能有如此的政治言论自由程度,读到此书恰能把这一疑惑解答.看似不具备典型民主经济和社会基础的印度为什么政治体制却能维持着民主.
Profile Image for Yuke Liu.
91 reviews2 followers
January 16, 2023
市面上众多打着「启蒙」旗号的社科类书籍,能看的几乎没有。刘瑜老师的这部作品不仅是极��出色的政治学入门,同时对于社科通识性入门也是极有帮助的。引经据典,结合时政,可以说这本书的阅读感受会这么好很大程度上还要感谢于讲稿本身的特殊性质。对于缺乏政治学基础,又对于「政治秘闻」感兴趣的当代人类来说,这样的作品值得所有人都静下来读一读。全篇从制度到经济,除了对于改革开放前后这样的一笔带过以外,没有一句讲今日中国,但读者应该明白,这每一章讲的都是今日中国,都是当代中国。
Profile Image for Jiachen Guo.
68 reviews9 followers
May 28, 2023
虽然书名是可能性的艺术,但其实内容是探讨世界各地的民主政治。作者认为民主制度是最好的制度,而这本书正是她在探讨为什么有些民主制度会成功,有些会失败。遗憾的是作为一本比较政治学的书,竟然完全没有谈论当代中国的政治。不过倒也可以理解,作者明显不认同中国的威权政治,书中有许多指桑骂槐的片段,或许她觉得如果真要写一篇关于中国的章节,这本书应该无法问世。然而这本书依旧被下架列为禁书了,

虽然我依旧不认为民主是最好的制度,但是作者对不同民主制度的阐述确实让我看到了许多新的观点,非常推荐。
8 reviews
June 21, 2022
读刘老师的书真是智识的享受,处处都有洞见
Profile Image for Samson Liuu.
4 reviews
July 4, 2022
讲座的文字版。对于比较政治学讲的仍然不够深入,且有不提中国问题的嫌疑。总之是一门适合对政治学有兴趣的人的入门作品。
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Tsai Wei-chieh.
Author 5 books108 followers
July 10, 2022
由清華大學政治學教授劉瑜在看理想上的一門音頻課程講稿整理而成的。以深入淺出的方式介紹比較政治學這門學科。劉瑜提出用民主問責與國家能力兩者做為比較不同國家政治的兩個維度。內容涉及了宏觀的時代背景(主要是全球化進程)、冷戰後的開發中國家在政治轉型中的困境、國家能力如何構建以及政治環境形成的文化與經濟背景等。對於比較政治學有興趣的豆友可以參考這本書。
58 reviews
July 18, 2022
I don't agree with all her view nor the didactic style of writing. But this book opens a lot of internal reflection and conversation about politics.
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127 reviews1 follower
August 7, 2022
画着图听完了,有几讲反复听了好几遍。在内容之外,刘瑜的表达能力是一种惊人的天赋,总是三言两语击中我。从初中时读她在送你一颗子弹里写的少女心事,到现在听她讲艾希曼讲查韦斯,她表达能力之生动、准确和敏锐,在这个灰暗的时代,是武器,是火种,为我打开了许多扇门。
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