520-Politics is the art of the Possible-Liu Yu-Politics-2022
Barack 2024/05/26
“Politics is the art of the Possible” was first published in 2022. It takes us to establish a reference system for observation from a comparative perspective, under the two core dimensions of political comparison, democratic accountability, and state capacity, and incorporates countries with different systems and different levels of economic development into the comparative perspective to analyze our era and the process of globalization, discuss the political transformation and state capacity of different countries, and the impact of culture and economy on political change.
Liu Yu was born in Poyang, Jiangxi Province in 1975. She studied at Renmin University of China and Columbia University. She is currently an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Tsinghua University. Her research and teaching interests include comparative democratization, political culture, Chinese politics, and American politics.
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Global Vision 1. The Dimension of Political Comparison 2. The “burst” of peace: a golden age? 3. The world and me: the domino effect of the international situation Chapter 2 Political Transformation 6. The End of the “End of History” Theory? (1) 7. The End of the “End of History” Theory? (2) 8. France’s Past: The First Titanic in the Transformation Wave Chapter 3 State Building 14. What is a country? Let’s start with the Mexican drug cartels 15. Why should we “bring the state back”? The reincarnation of comparative politics 16. Where does state power come from? War Chapter 4 Political Culture 21. Revolution in Korean Films: The Level of Concepts and the Change of Institutions 22. What is democratic culture? Thailand’s dilemma 23. Is evil really banal? Mob archaeology Chapter 5 Political Economy 26. Chile: After Pinochet 27. Venezuela: How to destroy a country? 28. A New Gilded Age? The Specter of Inequality (1)
Comparative politics is the comparison of political systems and other aspects of different countries. Human beings are social animals, and comparison is a human nature that helps people find their position in society. Our happiness and sadness depend not only on our absolute situation but also on the relative situation obtained through comparison. In traditional society, this kind of positioning may be easy to find, but in today's society, when the Internet simultaneously shows us heaven and hell that we would never be able to touch in our lifetime in traditional times, it is difficult for our rationality to resist these shocks. The same principle applies to comparisons between countries. When we see people who are more handsome, rich, healthy, and smarter than us on the Internet, we will have a comparison mentality, which will arouse jealousy and desire, but these desires are often difficult to satisfy, thus bringing pain. Comparisons between countries actually have similar situations. When we see that other countries have higher GDPs and better material conditions, we tend to ignore other issues. Comparative politics is an attempt to help us think rationally about these differences and phenomena.
The author mentioned two important dimensions to judge whether a country's development is healthy and whether the development effect is good. One is democratic accountability, that is, to what extent the country's policies and guidelines can reflect public opinion. The other dimension is national capacity, which is specifically reflected in the country's mobilization capacity, and one of the important manifestations is the ability to levy taxes. Because money is the most important resource for most people afterlife. Countries with strong national capacity and high democracy are often places that most people in the world yearn for, and people are willing to go to these countries to study, work, and live. On the other hand, countries with poor national capacity and low democracy are not only under authoritarian rule but are also usually poor and backward. Most countries are in one of the other two situations. The first is that the state capacity is strong but the degree of democratic accountability is low, just like a car with a powerful engine, but the steering wheel is not in the hands of the people, and only a few people decide its direction. Such a country may go further and further on the wrong path, or it may create miracles under the leadership of a strongman, and both "great governance" and "great chaos" may occur. The second situation is the opposite, with strong democratic accountability but weak national capacity. In such a country, although the development direction is correct and can reflect public opinion, due to the lack of strong execution capabilities, good intentions cannot be implemented. Then we will naturally have confusion: why do some countries have a high degree of democracy while others have a low degree? What determines a country's degree of democracy? Why do some countries have strong state capacity while others have weak state capacity? What are the factors that determine state capacity? In addition, for countries with low democratic accountability, how can their democratic accountability be improved? For countries with weak state capacity, how can their state capacity be enhanced? Will these improvements inevitably lead to social progress and people's happy lives?
There is a term called "liberal hegemony", which refers to those countries that have the power to dominate and adopt the ideology of liberalism. This situation has an important impact on the large-scale peace and prosperity that has lasted for more than 70 years in the world since World War II. Of course, this peace and prosperity is not absolute, but a conclusion drawn from a longitudinal comparison relative to human history. In the past few decades, people have gradually formed a way of thinking that tomorrow will be better than today. But is this really the case? Especially when we observe history, we may realize that this assertion is not an inevitable phenomenon. It is very necessary to always be vigilant against the disappearance of peace and the reappearance of chaos. When we look at problems, sometimes we need to observe from a higher dimension and for a longer time, so that we are not easily lost in the details. When we pay too much attention to the good or bad details, it is easy to ignore history, thus generating bias and forming excessive optimism or excessive pessimism.
We have noticed a phenomenon that the speed of immigration is inversely proportional to the speed of immigrant integration. In other words, the faster the immigration speed, the slower the integration speed. Part of the explanation for this phenomenon is that when a certain ethnic group exists in large numbers, people will naturally choose to be with their own ethnic group rather than forcing themselves to actively integrate into an unfamiliar environment. For example, 100 years ago, Chinese students went to the United States to study. Because there were too few Chinese people around them, the students had to actively or passively interact with Americans. The longer you spend with the locals, the faster the integration process will naturally be formed. However, today, there are already a large number of Chinese in the living environment of international students, so we are more inclined to study, work, and live with the Chinese, and the integration process will naturally weaken. After World War II, there was a large-scale immigration wave. The number of immigrants in some countries increased significantly in a relatively short period of time, and conflicts with local people who were born and raised would break out. This conflict made some locals feel that their interests were harmed, thus generating xenophobia. It's like when we invite one or two guests to our home, as the host, we have enough dominance, so we are naturally more tolerant of the guests. But if a dozen or even dozens of guests suddenly come in, they are numerous and help each other, psychologically and factually they become the hosts, and our status as hosts is threatened, so we will naturally feel wary or even disgusted. As a result, a large amount of xenophobia has emerged, which is reflected in the election of leaders and has also led to the emergence of extreme right-wing political tendencies in various countries.
When we talk about South Africa, it is almost inevitable to mention Mandela. In official propaganda, Mandela is basically presented as a democratic fighter and hero. However, in some forum messages I have seen, some people believe that Mandela handed over South Africa's economic lifeline to others, which was a credit to the world, but a fault to South Africa. The author of this book uses GDP figures to measure South Africa's democratic transition before and after, but who actually created GDP? Is it South African citizens or foreign capital? Does the final profit flow to the country or overseas? These questions have not been fully explored. When I was a child, I thought that those who were praised by everyone were heroes, and those who were criticized by everyone were bad people. For a long time, I took a dualistic view of the world. But in fact, as I grow older, I realize that criticism and praise depend on who is expressing these views. It is very important to understand who the interest groups behind are.
The author cites the example of India here to explore why India has implemented democratic practices for more than 70 years since its founding in 1947 but has not achieved the expected results. I have come into contact with a large number of Indian students and Indian immigrants in the United States, and I think they have many advantages worth learning from, such as being good at socializing, daring to express themselves, and taking the initiative in words and deeds. I am already considered a relatively extroverted person among Chinese students, but I still hardly take the initiative to say hello to strangers. Most new relationships are established because strangers take the initiative to say hello to me. If you don't take the initiative to establish contact with others, but wait for others to contact you, the efficiency of establishing social relationships can be imagined. I searched for relevant data on Wikipedia. In 2021, the per capita household income of Americans was $69,700, while the per capita household income of Indian Americans was $152,300, the per capita household income of Chinese Americans was $100,400, and the per capita household income of white people was $74,900. The overwhelming advantage of Indians can also be seen from income. However, I am confused as to why, although India is also developing rapidly, it still seems to be inferior to the success of Indians who have developed overseas. Does this mean that Indians have a weaker sense of belonging to India than Chinese, resulting in a higher proportion of elite loss in India than in China? Or, if the degree of elite loss in India can be reduced to the same level as that in China, will India's development be better than that of China?
When mentioning the model of national capacity, the author cited China as an example. For more than two thousand years from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the present, China's centralization has been continuously strengthened. From a positive point of view, this political model with the cooperation of the civil service group and the imperial power has brought relative political stability, so that although dynasties have changed, the culture has been passed down. Today, even if we look at the Qin and Han Dynasties, or even the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period two thousand years later, we still have a strong resonance, rather than the alienation of today's Egyptians when they look at ancient Egyptian civilization. However, from a negative point of view, excessive stability may also mean the loss of innovation and vitality. "Everything is inferior, only reading is high", personal interests and talents are no longer important, the only important thing is to study and become an official to change your life. This is a bit like today's popular majors, computer and finance. It doesn't matter whether you like it or not. What matters is that through these two majors, you are more likely to find a high-paying job and thus change your destiny. As I grow older, I find that things in the world are very complicated, and the reason for the complexity is its multifaceted nature. Whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages or the disadvantages outweigh the advantages often changes with changes in the environment. Before the Industrial Revolution, China's political system was more stable than that of its contemporaries. Although strong national capacity often harms individual interests, being Chinese seems to be happier than other countries and regions in the same period. However, in modern society after the industrial revolution, the new social development model has turned the advantages of the stable social model developed by China in the past two or three thousand years into a kind of disadvantage. Will the persistent pursuit of stability and the suppression of personal personality and innovation make us easily restrain ourselves from innovation, thereby weakening our own competitiveness?
书名来自于俾斯麦的名言“Politics is the art of the possible, the attainable — the art of the next best”。如果指望中美、中日成为最好的朋友,是art of the impossible,但是如果两个国家趋利避害,小心避雷,保持不温不火的和平,这个就是art of the possible了。
比较政治学的作用是理解“山川异域日月同天” vs. “淮南为橘淮北为枳”,避免幸存者偏差,在差异比较中寻找主要矛盾和客观规律。投资分析中,跨国家、跨历史比较不同商业模式的发展演化,也有类似的作用。
【2022Book17】"Politics Is the Art of the Possible" by Liu Yu. This is an introductory book on comparative politics. It provided a lot of interesting perspectives on how many countries become what they are nowadays - from China, the United States, South Korea, and Germany (I am relatively familiar with) to Afghanistan, Chile, Egypt, Thailand, and Venezuela (I knew very little before). Some stories of these countries are breathtaking. I think Liu Yu is quite brave to state some ideas in this book. Some people may think this book is a bit idealistic, but after reading it, I am still willing to believe that the world will get better one day, although it might become worse before that day.
非常理想的一本政治思维启蒙书和政治学常识著作,自然是不能讨论中国,但我想每个读者都能他国案例中自己迁移比较对号入座。课程讲稿的体例读起来非常流畅,同时也做到了保证文字的信息量语句不啰嗦。刘瑜的语言非常棒,你都知道这些points但是她就表达得更好更生动。整本书政治现实主义的基调很好,几乎没有主流政治学圈里常见的regime type bias,政治制度是重要的,但政体的作用又是有限的,既要认识到民主并不天然许诺善治,更要批驳威权浪漫主义和强人政治想象,政治转型是艰难的,即使转型成功了,一不小心还会掉与“不自由民主”的陷阱。个人尤其推荐23章“恶真的平庸吗?”写得深刻,为什么人会作恶,“个体的恶或许乏味, 但是集体的恶从来并不平庸”。