"Gassing, mutilating, subjugating: non-lethal weapons policy" is a very interesting essay.
In six chapters, Paul Rocher presents the politics of non-lethal weapons. First, he gives an historical overview of the emergence of non-lethal weapons, which are linked to the development of sciences in the 19th century. The outbreak of the First World War led to the military use of tear gas, which, despite being prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925, wreaked havoc, especially in colonized countries. Then, after the First World War, arms manufacturers lobbied governments to buy their products.
But it was with the intensification of social tensions triggered by the great depression that the massive deployment of tear gas for law enforcement purposes really began. The use of tear gas became even more widespread during mobilizations in the late 1960s. Tasers and rubber bullets were also developed.
All these weapons are used by the police to expand its perimeter and freedom of action. Since the 1990s, police forces have become increasingly heavily armed, with non-lethal weapons enabling them to neutralize crowds from a great distance.
However, the so-called "non-lethality" of police weapons is only valid under very specific conditions of use, which are completely unrealistic. This idea of a weapon as non-lethal leads to its use being completely unrestrained and uncomplexed.
Paul Rocher also explores the knowledge of popular self-defense. In a joint report, the IGPN (general inspectorate of the french national police) and IGGN (same but for the gendarmerie) deplore the fact that these measures may attenuate or even annihilate the effects of non-lethal weapons.
A chapter is devoted to the law enforcement industry, showing that spending on equipment rose by 180% between 2012 and 2017. For example, in 2013, the Gendarmerie had more Super-Pro Flash-Balls than people authorized to use them.
Paul Rocher also analyzes Western states' diminishing tolerance of all forms of protest.