Focusing on the Ming (1368-1644) and (especially) the Qing (1364-1912) eras, this book analyzes crucial moments in the formation of cultural, regional, and religious identities. The contributors examine the role of the state in a variety of environments on China's "peripheries," paying attention to shifts in law, trade, social stratification, and cultural dialogue. They find that local communities were critical participants in the shaping of their own identities and consciousness as well as the character and behavior of the state. At certain times the state was institutionally definitive, but it could also be symbolic and contingent. They demonstrate how the imperial discourse is many-faceted, rather than a monolithic agent of cultural assimilation.
Pamela Kyle Crossley is an historian who specializes in the history of modern China and northern Asia. Currently, she is Professor of History at Dartmouth College. She is a founding appointment of the Dartmouth Society of Fellows.
本書《帝國在邊陲:早期現代中國的文化、族群性與邊疆》是由1996年5月在美國Dartmouth College所舉辦的研討會論文編輯而成。(本書中文書名根據全書主旨的理解,可另譯為《帝國之於邊緣》。參見趙世瑜,〈書評:Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity and Frontier in Early Modern China〉。《歷史人類學學刊》卷4,期2(2006):171。)本書可視為帝國的臣屬族群與統治中心互動的民族史。其理論核心則在於拆解中心與邊陲之間的二分。一般來說,在西方與中國學者心中普遍存有一種整體漢化模式(monolithic sinicization model),這種觀點被Stevan Harrell綜合稱為「儒家教化計畫」(the Confucian civilizing project)(頁83-84)。而本書則挑戰了這個既存的分析架構,而代之以一種中心與邊陲之間動態互動的理論。中心並不是一種無法抗拒且具擴張性的力量,而是在邊陲中尋求自身的定義。
本書共收錄十篇論文,分為四大部分: 1. 「帝國中心的認同」,包括Mark C. Elliott的〈清代八旗中的族群性〉、Pamela K. Crossley的〈成為蒙古人〉,與Jonathan N. Lipman的〈「凶殘之人」:論清律中的伊斯蘭教與穆斯林〉等三篇論文; 2. 「新邊疆的敘事之戰」,包括James A. Millward與Laura J. Newby合著的〈清朝與西疆的伊斯蘭教〉、John E. Herman的〈征服的行話:土司與中國對西南邊疆的政治兼併〉等兩篇論文; 3. 「南方與西南的舊鬥爭」,包括了David Faure的〈明中葉的征猺之役及其對瑤族性的影響〉、Donald S. Sutton的〈族群性與十八世紀的苗疆〉,與Anne Csete的〈清初至清中葉的族群性、衝突與國家:以海南高地為例(1644-1800)〉等三篇論文; 4. 「未標明的邊緣」,包括陳永海(Wing-hoi Chan)的〈一個山區的族群標記:以畲「賊」為例〉,以及蕭鳳霞(Helen F. Siu)與劉志偉(Liu Zhiwei)合著之〈宗族、市場、海盜與蜑民:中國南方珠江三角洲的族群性〉等兩篇論文。
本書的篇章節錄了當帝國機制在它所認知的邊疆上試圖創造James Scott所謂的「清晰國家空間」(legible state spaces)的重要時刻。這些邊疆地區有時是帝國的政治邊界,但更常見的是,這些邊疆位於一個政治體制下的社會、經濟或文化罅隙之中。本書想要仔細分析表現於記錄、方志、法律條文與行政規定的官方語言,以便從這些邊疆地區的變遷經驗中挑出中心的意識形態。本書也探索國家論述在控制與同化那些被帝國疏離(而非臣服)之人群中的運作方式。此外,承認在宗族記錄、儀式、社區節慶與宗教文本中的地方聲音也同樣地重要。
本書的研究顯示國家在認同的真正構造與表現上作用有限。這與歷史文獻作者的看法有所牴觸。從文化差異的史家角度來看,這說明了在社會現象與官方描述間有衝突暫緩的跡象,以及因為重大政治變局引起的決定。而在本書中,最重大的政治變局就是17世紀中葉的明清易代。本書的研究指出雖然清朝的統治有別於明朝,但是其仍然具有延續性。其中之一就是文明修辭(the rhetoric of civilization),特別是在十八世紀之前的中國南方與西南地區。單靠軍事征服與佔領是不夠的。直到文明能夠深植於居民的語言、儀式、社會結構與內心深處,它才能得到確保。這種文明的實質擴張是帝國的道德責任。
The New Qing Histories are interesting, if for no other reason than that they emphasise the notions of race and ethnicity constructed before the subsumption of China into capitalist modernity. Although the book does not deal with the issue of modernity very well, the role of this book in changing perspectives on the Qing dynasty (in English scholarship) makes this a very important book.
the history of a knowledge production of ethnicity could be brought into a more sophisticated understanding of modernity (capital) in order to really grasp the appropriation of race later for uses by the modern nation-state or imperialist knowledge production.