Free Thought and Official Propaganda

by Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell's classic exploration, originally delivered as a speech, of the importance of freedom of expression, as well as the ways in which governments and powerful interests seek control through restrictions of information, eduction, and laws.

Genres: Philosophy, Politics, Nonfiction, Essays, Classics, Religion, Journalism

35 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1922

About the author

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS, was a Welsh philosopher, historian, logician, mathematician, advocate for social reform, pacifist, and prominent rationalist. Although he was usually regarded as English, as he spent the majority of his life in England, he was born in Wales, where he also died.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950 "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought."

Reviews

[Peiman E iran · Rating 5 out of 5]

‎دوستانِ گرانقدر، در این کتاب، «برتراند راسل» خردمند و بزرگوار (یادش همیشه زنده و گرامی باد) در موردِ «آزاد اندیشی» و «اندیشهٔ آزاد» سخنانِ بسیار خردمندانه ای بیان نموده است که تلاش نمودم چکیده ای از مهمترین نظراتِ این فیلسوفِ بزرگ را در زیر برایِ شما دوستانِ خردگرا، بنویسم
---------------------------------------------
‎عزیزانم، به باورِ «راسل» "آزاداندیشی" در معنایِ محدودش به معنیِ اندیشه ای است كه خشک اندیشی و جزم هایِ اديانِ و مذاهب را نمی پذيرد... کسی «آزادانـديش» اسـت، که هیچ دینی: چه مسیحی، چه مسلمان و چه یهودی و چه ادیانِ دیگر را نپذیرفته و عضو هیچیک از گروه هایی نباشد که خرافات و موهوماتِ دینی و سنتهایِ موروثی را پذیرفته باشند.. پس میتوان گفت: کسی «آزادانديش» است كه قاطعانه بـه "خـدا" اعتقـاد نداشـته باشـد... چراکه به اعتقادِ «برتراند راسل»ادیان و مذاهب، همیشه مانعِ از «آزاد اندیشیِ» انسانها بوده اند
‎این فیلسوفِ گرانقدر میگوید: من خودم مخالفِ همهٔ اديانِ شناخته شده هسـتم و اميدوارم كه هر نوع عقيدهٔ دینی و مذهبی منسوخ شود.. و در مجموع، باور ندارم كه عقيدهٔ دینی تا ابد تأثير و نفـوذ داشـته باشـد
‎این فیلسوفِ گرامی، بر این باور است که: هنگامی كه داشتن يا نداشتنِ عقايدِ معین يا ابرازِ عقيده يا بیانِ اعتقادی در بابِ امورِ معین موجبِ مجازات و کیفرهایِ قانونی شود، یعنی در آن جامعه، اندیشه "آزاد" نمیباشد... بنابراین روشن است كه ابتدایی ترين شرط برایِ بيانِ عقايد، اگر بناست انديشه آزاد باشد، نبودِ مجازات و كيفرهایِ قانونی است
‎زنده یاد «راسل» میگوید: در حکومت هایی که «آزاداندیشی» وجود ندارد. با سه روشِ کلی مانع از بدست آوردنِ "اندیشهٔ آزاد" در مردم میشوند... به وسیلهٔ: آموزش و پرورش- تبلیغات- فشارِ اقتصادی... با این سه روش همیشه مانع از «آزاداندیشی» انسان شده اند و میشوند
‎ آموزش و پرورش باید به مردم بیاموزد كه فقط هنگامی مطلب یا گزاره ای را باور كنند كه دليلِ قانع كننده ای وجود دارد كه گمان كنند آن گزاره درست و صادق است... مردم باید یاد بگیرند که بدونِ شواهد و بدونِ اثبات منطقی و علمی، چیزی را قبول نکنند، بخصوص مسائل خرافی و موهومات مذهبی و دینی را... و همچنین مشاغل ميبايد صـرفاً بـه دليـلِ شایستگی بـرایِ انجامِ كار به عهدهٔ کسی گذاشته شود، نه آنکه پایه و اساس برایِ استخدام را بر دین و مذهبِ شخصِ موردِ نظر، قرار دهند
‎درحکومت هایی که «آزاد اندیشی»وجود ندارد، علاوه بر مسئولینِ حکومتی، "آموزش و پرورش" نیز خواهانِ آگاه شدنِ جوانان نمیباشد و حتی برایِ پیشبردِ اهدافشان تاریخ را برایِ دانش آموزان در مدارس تحریف میکنند... چراکه مسئلهٔ آنان انتقالِ اطلاعات است، آنهم بدونِ انتقالِ اندیشه و تفکر... آنها اندیشیدن و روش درستِ تفکر را از مردم میگیرند، زیرا به نفعِ آنها نیست که مردمِ معمولی و عادی مستقل فکر کنند.. چراکه تصور شده است كه مردمی كه مستقل فكر ميكنند، برایِ مديريت ناآزموده هستند و موجبِ مشكلاتِ اجرایی برایِ حکومت و دولت ميشوند
**********************************
‎عزیزانم، آرزویِ رسیدن به «آزاد اندیشی» و درکل «آزادی»، برایِ یک اجتماع و مردمِ آن، قطعاتِ فکری آزاده میخواهد، متأسفانه بسیاری از ساکنینِ سرزمینِ ما جز کتابِ شیوَن، هیچ برای آموزشِ انسان و انسانیت، در خویش فهم نمیکند
‎وقتی کماکان این مردم، توسطِ دینفروشان و متولیانِ دین، معنایِ فهمِ «آزادی» را در بی بند و باری، تعلیم میگیرند، و مدام به آنها القاء میشود که «آزادی» یعنی بی بند و باریِ جنسیتی، که غرب آن را ترویج میکند... به نظرتان میتوان برایِ این مردم از «اندیشهٔ آزاد» سخن گفت؟؟ به نظرتان میتوان «آزادی» و منزلتِ انسانی را در کلاس هایِ درس به دانش آموزان آموخت؟؟ آنهم با این آموزش و پرورشِ فرمایشی و منحط و متحجر که سایهٔ مکتب خانه هایِ دینی، یک لحظه دست از سرش بر نمیدارد
‎دوستانِ ایرانی و خردگرا، بدانید که «آزادی» در هر جامعه ای، زمانی سَر از تخم بیرون می آورد، که حرارتِ لازم برای پرورشِ آن تخم مهیا شده باشد. ملتی که هنوز برای رفعِ نیازهایِ خود، در محاورات و گفتگوهایِ روزمرهٔ خودشان، نمیتوانند از به زبان آوردنِ نام هایِ تازیانِ بی تمدن همچون: علی و ابوالفضل و فاطمه و حسین، دست بکشند، هیچ زمان نمیتوانند طعم «آزاد اندیشی» و «آزادگی» را فهم کنند... این مردمِ بدبخت و فلک زده، خادمان و بردگانی حلقه به گوش و بی شخصیتی هستند، که هیچ تعریفِ انسانی از خودشان، در باورهایِ ذلیلِ خودشان فهم نکرده اند... این ملتِ درمانده و عرب پرست را، طوری آموزش داده اند تا هیچگاه یاد نگیرند و میلِ به یادگیری نیز نداشته باشند و حتی از درکِ حقایق نیز ترس داشته باشند
‎عزیزان و نورِ چشمانم، سرنوشتِ جامعه ای که قانونش توانسته است، دستها را بیشتر از مغزها آزاد بگذارد از پیش مشخص است... سرنوشتِ چنین حکومت و جامعه ای، چیزی جز بدبختی و فلاکت و بیچارگی و سقوط نمیباشد
---------------------------------------------
‎امیدوارم این ریویو برایِ شما دوستانِ ایرانی و "آزاد اندیش" مفید بوده باشه
‎«پیروز باشید و ایرانی»

[Cody · Rating 4 out of 5]

Needed a brief blast of reality...

A sort of precis of Russellian maxims, originally delivered as a lecture in 1922, there's nothing about the contents that any rational person with moderate critical capacity will find revelatory. That's not say that these maxims aren't true (or, per Russell elsewhere, 'more certain' than less...), I can't imagine that anyone seeking out Bertrand Russell will not have already drawn the same conclusions prior to...seeking out Bertrand Russell. Still, it's never a bad idea to remind people that the purpose of state/public education's is two-fold: to give the young information and to foster children’s ability to reason critically. Only one, of course, of these two purposes have functional utility in virtually ANY nation-state on the planet, so we fill up our kids with data, but deny them the agentive capacity to process any of it. The result? Everybody's an expert, everybody's a star. A proletariat that is brimming with data over-saturation without the means to a healthy skepticism. Doesn’t matter who you are. To which...well, no shit.

Russell is one of few philosophers I have any love for these days, and I have to imagine that this as a spoken monologue must have been thrilling to hear for its precision and erudition.

Recommended for: people that need their arguments articulated in lucid terms for them; weaponization of the same, verbatim-but-unattributed, at cocktail parties is virtually guaranteed.

—
‘Doesn't matter who you are
You're there and there you are’

[Mario García · Rating 5 out of 5]

Perhaps the sickliest racist ending I've seen so far in my whole lifetime, this short text is quite a brilliant analysis on the topic of propaganda and its ill effects on social development.

Russell traces exceptional connections between the problems of education for intelligence, making a living and free thought (which he does not confuse with superfluous free speech) as far as I can tell.

His political views are to be paralleled with Orwell's Animal Farm to the point that economic monopolies (capitalism) and State control (URSS so called socialism) become antithesis of healthy development. Each one on his own merits. Thus, critical thinking is crucial to escape the barriers of social exclusion, nationalism and most of the current problems of mankind furthered by propaganda.

It is difficult to find sane political stances in a world shaped by media. Russell's projections from ninety-one years ago (early 20th century), are still fresh, relevant and open for consideration.

If there are social ideas and alternatives you have to dig for, you are subjected to propaganda.

Note:
Russell's book appears to have been meant for publication some years before Edward Bernays, Propaganda. This fact alone makes it remarkable.

[Gurleen Kaur · Rating 5 out of 5]

"Our system of education turns young people out of the schools able to read, but for the most part unable to weigh evidence or to form an independent opinion."
Reading this in 2018 and thinking, "We sure have made no great progress". Kids in schools and people who get easily swayed by political/religious/state propaganda should try going through this short essay.

[Arvind Radhakrishnan · Rating 5 out of 5]

Such a scintillating essay by Bertrand Russell.He remains one of the finest public intellectuals of the modern era.Very few thinkers can match his intellectual integrity.I find Russell so lucid,logical and thought provoking.He talks about how the state and church curtail individual freedom,how they control education policies and try to create a servile population which is incapable of independent thought.He strongly advocates a critical undogmatic worldview.
I just wish people would shun shallow religious prejudices and superstitions which are emblematic of the infancy of human reason.

[George · Rating 5 out of 5]

CLEAR THINKING ON FREE THOUGHT.

“None of our beliefs are quite true; all have at least a penumbra of vagueness and error” (Kindle Location 118)

Bertrand Russell’s Conway Memorial Lecture of March 24, 1922, Free Thought and Official Propaganda, offers clear and cogent thoughts on the subject that are still very valid today. Russell argues strenuously and convincingly against government’s monopoly over elementary education.

Recommendation: It’s always nice to encounter clear thinking and, as frosting on the cake, this pamphlet is available to download at no charge at www.gutenberg.org.

“We are faced with the paradoxical fact that education has become one of the chief obstacles to intelligence and freedom of thought.” (Kindle Location 230)

“…we all have an interest in restraining the tyranny of majorities.” (Kindle Location 297)

Project Gutenberg, Kindle edition, 40 Pages, 507 Kindle locations.

[Marcus Vinicius · Rating 4 out of 5]

In this short essay, Welsh philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell wrote about his understanding of free thought, liberty of the press and state (official) propaganda. The text is readable, clear and straightforward. Liberty of thought and speech is a hard feature to achieve and harder to maintain. States and social arrangements have distinct ways to suppress it. Russell points to some of it and gives some tolls to overcome it, in order to achieve better results, provided we all agree in the goodness of free thought.

[Ietrio · Rating 5 out of 5]

Beautiful. Simply beautiful. Written in 1922 and still crystal clear almost a century later. The charlatans of the continental philosophy can't express one section in 800 pages.

[Rushxsoubi · Rating 4 out of 5]

Summary from my viewpoint:
I think he points out that there is a lack of free will, that he describes as the will to doubt. The will to doubt is put in a religious context, in which we lack the ability to doubt religious dogma. The reason for our lack of free will, is partly due to a lack of intelligence. He says this lack of intelligence is not merely our fault but rather is driven by faults in our education, propaganda and economic pressure. While he does not claim to know the cure, he suggests scientific doubt as a potential remedy to improve our intelligence and gain free will. The whole text screams 'it is a matter of life or death'; It is of utmost importance that we wake up now and gain intelligence/ our ability to doubt.

I would like to ponder on how these ideas translate to now. Nowadays it seems as if people still lack the ability to doubt, or in other words lack free will. However, nowadays it is not an inability to doubt religious dogma. Rather I think what may still be happening is control of people's will through education, propaganda and economic pressure. But who is asserting this control?

Bertrand points to the state. If the state controls us and we let this happen then nothing will change because the state has no incentive to change the status quo. It is the people (atheists) who can create change if they so wish. So do the people have the power to influence change nowadays??
I wonder if the people did, what is their incentive to do so. Maybe that is why today we are still in a similar place as when this was written.


Sidenote:
I find this hard to rate. It is a well written essay.

Still, I think the ability to doubt (or lack thereof) doesn't necessarily need to be linked to religion or the state. However, I think this with the power of hindsight, while at the time this was written it very well may have been the most salient link. Same with the final line. Do I rate this with my hindsight glasses or the historical context.

[Dennis R. Johnson · Rating 5 out of 5]

To be watchful

Outstanding philosophy presented in 1922 that can carry a warning to present time of the dangers propaganda exercised by; elected,appointed, and bureaucratic officials can use to threaten freedom of thought for the individual.
Should be requiring reading at all levels of a free society.

[J Sams · Rating 5 out of 5]

More important than ever

A must read in today's political climate. Unfortunately, the predictions of ninety years ago were too optimistic. Anyone still concerned with ethics and truth needs to read this. It wouldn't hurt you trump supporters who can actually read either.

[Justin · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is the transcript for a short, but dense lecture. I won't try to summarize it. I'll probably need to listen to the lecture a few times.

[Maria Podolyak · Rating 5 out of 5]

Excellent read! You literally want to quote something on each page. Easy to read and inspiring.

[Amanda · Rating 3 out of 5]

Me reading this: I’m with you, I follow, I got it, oh holy shit, surprise racism.

[Marina · Rating 5 out of 5]

Free Thought and Official Propaganda is a speech and later publication that was first given in 1922 by Bertrand Russel that elaborates on the need for "freethinking" in society and delimits the obstacles to free thought as education, propaganda and economic pressure. Despite the uncomfortable racist ending proposing that our grandchildren must learn tolerance lest the world be left to more "uncivilized peoples", Russell accomplishes a convincing argument regarding how to protect free thought as a basic liberty.

The first obstacle to free thought is education which is generally said to have been monopolized almost every government of the world. Russell describes the opportunity of education as being able to offer a way of teaching intelligence, or not believing all information that is imparted on you. However, he admits that most educational systems focus on information being passed down. "On the contrary, their problem is to impart information without imparting intelligence." (Loc 210). In general, he finds that most governments desire that ordinary not think for themselves, because it is awkward to manage them and leads to other difficulties. An interesting example of a country imparting information is said to be Japan, which although effective in instruction, is said to teach worship of the Mikado. According to  Merriam Webster, Mikado is said to be an emperor of Japan.

The second obstacle to free thought is propaganda, which not only leads people to reason with their emotions rather than their logic, but is generally more accessible to those with economic resources, leading the same people to hold power over and over again. Russell argues that advertising is an old technique and that only recently the field of psychology has started to understand it's great ability of convincing others, just by being a separate entity from the person claiming to benefit from the advertising. To give an example, Bertrand provides the example of the Russian government, which is said to have a complete monopoly of propaganda.  "Equality of opportunity among opinions is essential if there is to be real freedom of thought... The cure is not to be sought primarily in such laws, but in better education and a more skeptical public." Russell doesn't believe that laws can be expected to be enacted, but rather the public must be skeptical enough to take note of economic disparities between competing advertised parties.

The third obstacle to free thought is economic pressure, which although appears in the other obstacles is a danger when people rely on money to feed themselves and exist. To understand this example, Russell gives the example of a hypothetical university professor who may struggle to get employment if they criticize STandard Oil Company, because all college presidents have receive benefactions from Mr. Rockefeller. In general, the fewer employers there are, the easier it is for individual employees to be persecuted for having free thought. As such, Russell cites the growth of monopolies in the US as introducing many of the evils associated with State Scoialism that has exsited in Russia. Finally "a man who openly dissents from Christianity, or bleieves in a relaxation fo the marriage laws, or objects to ohte power of the graet corproations, finds AMerica a veyr uncomfortable country, unless he happens to b ena eminient writer." (Loc 275). This reminds me of the fact that many great writers, such as Pablo Neruda, have been able to seek entrance. In 1966, the poet was invited to the International PEN conference in New York City by Arthur Miller. When the playwright pleeded with the White House, Johnson finally granted Neruda a visa.

The speech given in Free Thought and Official Propaganda encourages its audience to be taught reason in schools, use reason before coming to conclusions and to be given economic liberties to be able to continue to use reason in any personal way a citizen may see fit. Crucially Bertrand points out that liberties of the minorities must be protected as even the most orthodox person may find himself in the minority one day. Each person can contribute most to a society when they ally themselves with minorities as if their struggle was their own, fighting every day as to not let those liberties slowly slip away.

[Luke · Rating 5 out of 5]

“Our system of education turns young people out of the schools able to read, but for the most part unable to weigh evidence or to form an independent opinion. They are then assailed, throughout the rest of their lives, by statements designed to make them believe all sorts of absurd propositions, such as that Blank’s pills cure all ills”

“William James used to preach the “will to believe.” For my part, I should wish to preach the “will to doubt.” None of our beliefs are quite true; all have at least a penumbra of vagueness and error. The methods of increasing the degree of truth in our beliefs are well known; they consist in hearing all sides, trying to ascertain all the relevant facts, controlling our own bias by discussion with people who have the opposite bias, and cultivating a readiness to disregard any hypothesis which has proved inadequate…In religion and politics, on the contrary, though there is as yet nothing approaching scientific knowledge, everybody considers it de rigueur to have a dogmatic opinion, to be backed up by inflicting starvation, prison, and war, and to be carefully guarded from argumentative competition with any different opinion.”

“It is clear that thought is not free if the profession of certain opinions makes it impossible to earn a living. It is clear also that thought is not free if all the arguments on one side of a controversy are perpetually presented as attractively as possible, while the arguments on the other side can only be discovered by diligent search.”

“The examples of America and Russia illustrate the conclusion to which we seem to be driven — namely, that so long as men continue to have the present fanatical belief in the importance of politics free thought on political matters will be impossible, and there is only too much danger that the lack of freedom will spread to all other matters, as it has done in Russia. Only some degree of political skepticism can save us from this misfortune.”

“I met in Petrograd an eminent Russian poet, Alexander Block, who has since died as the result of privations. The Bolsheviks allowed him to teach æsthetics, but he complained that they insisted on his teaching the subject “from a Marxian point of view.” He had been at a loss to discover how the theory of rhythmics was connected with Marxism, although, to avoid starvation, he had done his best to find out. Of course, it has been impossible in Russia ever since the Bolsheviks came into power to print anything critical of the dogmas upon which their regime is founded.”

In other modern news…the wars in which the US pits both sides against each other to sell war to the imperialized populace will be over soon…we’re indebted to reunite with this freedom. Be positivist people…and then, any day now…BOOM!…tough actin' tinactin…war over. Sign here on the border line.

[Thought Pecking · Rating 5 out of 5]

Remembered as a seminal philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, political activist, and noble laureate, the scholarly British writer Bertrand Russell is known no less for his admiration for science and for his bitter criticism of religion. His brilliant essay “Free Thought and Official Propaganda” is a sincere deliberation on what free thought is and a fierce polemic against the adversaries of free thought and eccentricity. It is a shrewd analysis of how political or religious propaganda is promoted through education and its consequences on the society, a society which is left with average credulous minds with no ideas of their own.

At a point in the essay, contrasting the virtues of science with religion, he talks about how scientific methods are developed such as to increase the proximity to truth, about the welcoming attitude of the scientific community toward being proved wrong, and about their will to rational doubt. He asserts that the spheres of politics and religion have not so far had anything even close to what we call scientific knowledge. He fancies that if such methods were to be adopted in these domains, most of the ills of the world would be alleviated: The self-reflection of each side on their own failings would eliminate the possibilities of wars; education would cease to be used as an apparatus for disseminating propaganda and would instead focus on widening mental capabilities of its subjects; politicians would nominate people for administrative jobs on the basis of competence, instead of sycophancy.

“Free Thought and Propaganda” is one essay that should be read for the sheer pleasure of the sense of Russell’s unusual mode of thinking and his iconoclastic manner of writing.

[Alexander · Rating 4 out of 5]

Great lecture about independence of thought that is still highly relevant today. Of these quotes seem eerily prescient if you consider they’re more than 100 years old (except the last casually racist sentence):

*unless a vigorous and vigilant public opinion can be aroused in defence of [freedom of thought and freedom of the individual], there will be a lot less of both a hundredth years hence than there is now.*

*Credulity is a greater evil in the present day than it ever was before, because, owing to the growth of education, it is much easier than it used to be to spread misinformation, and, owing to democracy, the spread of misinformation is more important than in former times to the holders of power.*

*Enlightened public opinion can only be generated by the efforts of those that think that it should exist.*

[Bob Gustafson · Rating 4 out of 5]

Do not buy the kindle version of this book. Fork over the money for shipping, because the typographical errors in the Kindle version are nearly overwhelming.

That said, bear in mind that this was a lecture and can be read in one sitting.

The point made is that it is necessary to train one another to think critically. The principal obstacle to critical thinking is official propaganda in the form of state-mandated education, which more often than not trains youth to memorize rather than to think. There are additional obstacles to learning critical thinking which Russell mentions.

[Sha Ranney · Rating 5 out of 5]

Per page, I have found this more rewarding than any book that I've read. Russell discusses freedom of religion, his personal experiences, the hypocrisies found among various countries and their laws, education and propaganda, all in 25 pages. He does this while tying together relevant events that give an accurate historical perspective of the time. Still more impressive is how engaging the writing is. What's strange is how progressive Russell was and yet ends the essay with an oddly racist sentence. That shocked the hell out of me! Was he trolling? Perhaps we'll never know.

[Erika · Rating 5 out of 5]

This speech is valuable today in the political climate of Trump's America. If only we had listened to Bertrand a hundred years ago and taught our children how to think rather than how to be subjects...

"so long as men continue to have the present fanatical belief in the importance of politics free thought on political matters will be impossible,"

[Sham · Rating 5 out of 5]

It's certainly baffling that even after almost a century since the delivery of this speech(and subsequently published), we still face the same obstacles today.

"Our system of education turns young people out of the schools able to read, but for the most part unable to weigh evidence or to form an independent opinion."

[Clinton Sites · Rating 4 out of 5]

Interesting points are made by the author regarding government control of education versus religious groups. Problems that Russell discusses are still with us over a century later.

His position against organized religions seems to be somewhat specious. He advocates the use of ones' intelligence to determine truth yet does not seem to apply the same to faith.

[Scott Wade · Rating 4 out of 5]

An old premise for 21st century

Were Bertrand Russell alive today, I wonder if he would change a single word. The ideas presented may be exactly what America needs in these turbulent and polarized times.

[bob moorhead · Rating 5 out of 5]

Well worth reading in our current political environment

A prescient analysis of the forces of media, corporatism, religion, anti-education and propaganda that continue to boil over into a toxic mix across the globe

[Elaf Sabah · Rating 5 out of 5]

It was marvelous, I agree to his analysis and it's unbelievable how realistic his arguments. It applies to what I'm facing on daily basis and through his words I found our communities to be quite similar.

[Emily Wright · Rating 5 out of 5]

5 stars for the majority of the book’s contents, which I felt were very well expressed and full of applicable ideas.

Negative 100 stars for the surprise racism in his closing statement, that I could have done very well without.

[Doug Mulford · Rating 4 out of 5]

What’s terrifying is that, here over 100 years later, we are dealing with the same issues that Russell was describing. How have we been able to put men on the moon, create the atom bomb, develop computers and AI, but we haven’t solved these societal issues?

[kenneth browb · Rating 5 out of 5]

Eye opening

An amazing read that really makes one thank about what he's as read through out their live. Abouslte lovely read

[Patti Williams · Rating 4 out of 5]

Rereading this work with a 2017 lens. “What is wanted is not the will to believe, but the wish to find out, which is the exact opposite.”