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From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China

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Book by Elman, Benjamin A.

368 pages, Hardcover

First published February 25, 1985

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About the author

Benjamin A. Elman

25 books11 followers
Benjamin A. Elman is Gordon Wu '58 Professor of Chinese Studies, Princeton University. His teaching and research fields include Chinese intellectual and cultural history, history of science and history of education in late imperial China.

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Displaying 1 - 3 of 3 reviews
Profile Image for Chelsea.
171 reviews
May 17, 2023
以多元的视角从非制度层面看科举文化,其发展在隋代废除“九品官人法”之后”,士族在官职任命上失去了原有正当性,贵族特权与名门望族对官职任命的统治地位威胁了统一的集权国家;科举制度的发展从隋唐,源于唐代统治者意识到,通过公开科举选拔的官员在京城政治中能够与根深蒂固的贵族官僚相制衡。但这一发现的适用期是短暂的,因为朝廷党争迅速发展出主考座师与科举门生之间的恩庇主从关系。而科考与铨选都在吏部的掌控之下,座师的权力就非常大, 后科举转为礼部负责,但唐的文官大多并非科举入仕;
转型于宋,贵族豪门士族 转向才智之士,600年至1200年间,“士”从出身名门的贵胄子弟转型为有修养的文化人。在以往的传统中定义士人生活的重要范畴——文化、出身、官位——发生了显著变化。关于理想精英的观念转变——比如它全新的理想化角色定位——在维持其士人地位并进行重新导向的过程中发挥了作用。一旦出身作为文化“商品”(commodity)不再足以定义士人地位,科举进士的名分及其与文化和教育的相互关联就成为士人身份的必要条件,其发展的另一个原因在于“道学”Neo-Confucianism即宋明理学的发展,宋明理学以儒家经典为基础,但同时也借鉴了道教和佛教的一些观念,形成了一种独特的思想体系,宋明理学的重要观念之一就是“道”。在这个观念中,“道”被理解为宇宙万物的本源和运行规律,人应当遵循“道”的指引,以实现个人的道德修养和社会的和谐;
成熟于明清;废止于晚清,而晚清的仓促废除科举留下的不仅是文化的真空,更是加速瓦解了清朝的皇权统治,因为科举制度不仅是一种解决士人官员任免合法性的问题,也是皇权加强集权和控制地方,维持国家稳定的手段;而科举考试通过地方和中央的层级考试制度使得其成为了统一的意识形态工具,以及皇权深入触及末端的触手。艾尔曼认为科举制度是一种政治管控体制,以既统合汉人社会与文化,又能与皇权意识形态无缝对接的帝国道学正统。
Profile Image for William.
259 reviews2 followers
May 31, 2022
Elman traces the origins and development of kaozhengxue in Qing China -- the rise of philology and textual studies which challenged the orthodox Cheng-Zhu Lixue system of the Song and Ming. He notes that it began with the rise of printing, both cheap and available, in the late Ming. The shock of of the Ming debacle and fall also spurred the development and reaction against the Zhu Xi system of moralism into more precise philological studies of Han transmissions of texts.

Displaying 1 - 3 of 3 reviews