In his new book, distinguished political philosopher Raymond Geuss critically examines some of the most widely held and important preconceptions about contemporary politics western the state, authority, violence and coercion, the concept of legitimacy, liberalism, toleration, freedom, democracy, and human rights. Geuss argues that the liberal democratic state committed to the defense of human rights is in fact a confused conjunction of disparate elements. One of his most striking claims is that it makes sense to speak of rights only relative to a mechanism for enforcing them, and that therefore the whole concept of a "human right" as it is commonly used in contemporary political philosophy, is a confusion. A profound and concise essay on the basic structure of contemporary politics, History and Illusion in Politics is written in a voice that is skeptical, engaged, and clear. Raymond Geuss is University Lecturer, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge. Educated in the United States and Germany, he has held academic posts at Heidelberg, the University of Chicago and Princeton University. He is the editor of Nietzsche The Birth of Tragedy (Cambridge, 1999) and the author of Public Goods, Private Goods (Princeton, 2001). He is a frequent commentator on BBC Radio Three and World Service.
Raymond Geuss, Emeritus Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge, is a political philosopher and scholar of 19th and 20th century European philosophy.
I think it is a shame that this book is not regarded as one of the ~10 most important works of political philosophy in the post-war academy. Geuss is one of a very small number of professional philosophers who rejects assumptions central to the Enlightenment and its political philosophy (meaning he rejects the worldview of basically every major political philosopher in post-war academic philosophy--Rawls, GA Cohen, Dworkin, Amartya Sen, Nagel, Nozick, etc.). As such, he provides a genuinely novel way of thinking about and evaluating political philosophy and this is his most comprehensive and rigorous articulation of that worldview. Geuss has the unfortunate habits in some of his work of engaging in indulgent digressions and writing with a concision which ventures into evasion. Neither vice is present here. Instead, we get razor sharp analysis of central concepts in political philosophy--'The State,' 'Liberalism,' 'Democracy,' 'a Right'--informed by his magisterial knowledge of European and Anglophone intellectual history.
Geuss' vision of the world is one defined by its contingency, chaos, and confusion. Historical and political events and concepts do not have the unity and consistency we often treat them as having and much of our intellectual life is a somewhat desperate effort to try and find the certainty and unity the world refuses to give us. One way these desires lead us astray intellectually is inducing us to assert too much continuity in political life. He points out, for example, how discontinuous the democratic tradition in Europe truly is, especially compared to its purported lineage stretching from Athens through Rome, Venice, Florence, to modern representative systems. Geuss thinks the best antidote for our addiction to wishful thinking is by plumbing the history of political concepts as a means to excavate the ways in which our tendencies to generalize cause distortions. We can use history to rediscover the fragmented and discontinuous reality our desire for certainty distorts.
I am not going to try to offer a survey of his numerous insights, but I will instead summarize one that has stuck with me: Liberalism often assumes a kind of epistemological agnosticism, e.g., Rawlsian Public Reason liberalism, which tries to diffuse political tensions, especially between religious groups, by arguing that given the epistemological uncertainty we exist in, that we should refrain from acting too repressively based on our convictions. Geuss points out that this connection between uncertainty and inaction only makes sense if you think that the stakes of a disagreement created by uncertainty are low. When we must act on things that are extremely important, the fact that we are unsure about elements of it is not at all good reasons not to act. For something to be extremely important entails that we need to act on the matter, even in uncertainty. Thus, for liberals to assert that religious people should not act in ways that favor their religious views because of epistemic uncertainty is to presuppose the unimportance of religious questions and issues. Liberalism is just smuggling its own assumptions into a purportedly "neutral" argument. As someone who was once quite sympathetic to Rawlsian arguments along those lines, this argument changed my views on these issues quite dramatically.
The book has two less superlative sections--the first 2/3s of his chapter on the state and his discussion of rights. The former has a poor logical flow and seems haphazard in its progression, while the latter is simply weakened by its lack of novelty compared to the rest of the book. But that means that from Chapter 1 section 7 (1.7) through Chapter 3 section 3 (3.3) (pgs. 47-131) you are treated to a stunning array of insights about the some of the most important ideas that shape our political thinking. Sandwiching the three main chapters are an introduction (1-14) and conclusion (153-163) that fill in Geuss's worldview and methodological assumptions, helping contextualize the book's presuppositions and implications for our thinking about politics. These are intellectually rich discussions, and again, vital for anyone interested in political philosophy because they offer such a novel view of the world and politics. You genuinely can't find arguments of the kind featured throughout this book anywhere else, and I don't know how to praise something more highly than that.
Por fin, tras unos meses de sufrimiento y un par de pausas en la lectura, soy capaz de acabarme el libro. Entonces, ¿qué tal está? Sin pretender denostar la indudable capacidad de raciocinio y algunas buenas ideas de Raymond Geuss, he de confesar que leer este libro ha sido para mí toda una lección de humildad, de esos sucesos en la vida que te marcan y te hacen apreciar más esas pequeñas cosas del día a día, como esos ratos en los que no tienes que leer este libro. Vaya, ha sonado peor incluso de lo que pensaba...
El problema fundamental, sin intención de explicar todo "al dedillo", radica en la "microestructura" y en la redacción. Con microestructura, me refiero precisamente a la forma en la que se presentan y se tratan los argumentos y a la manera en que se hilan los temas. Para ilustrar ésto, imaginaos que el libro tiene unas cien cuestiones, y cada cuestión unas 3 o 4 ramificaciones. Ésto se presenta de manera lineal de la siguiente manera hasta el final del libro: Se presenta el tema, se exponen unas breves pinceladas, se menciona la palabra "anacronismo" y se exponen los 3 o 4 argumentos pertinentes de manera consecutiva. El problema es que es imposible digerir lo que el autor te quiere decir con esta repetición infame de argumentos que, en una mayoría de las ocasiones, no llevan a ninguna parte o incluso están ya implícitos en las cuestiones que diversos politólogos contemporáneos llevan décadas señalando.
Digerir 300 o 400 argumentos a lo largo de 240 hojas es imposible y, cuando parece que EN LA CONCLUSIÓN se comienzan a hilar en un formato un poco más ensayístico diversas argumentaciones ya vistas previamente, cae de nuevo a las pocas páginas en la presentación de nuevas cuestiones y sus diversos argumentos que, de nuevo, quedan en el aire. En la conclusión se debe aportar una síntesis de ideas, una visión más comprimida de lo visto y proponer soluciones o problemas ante los cuales nos enfrentamos, nunca tratarlo como un tema más que por alguna razón no encajaba en el libro.
El autor explica muchas ideas muy rápido, con una estructura infumable, unas explicaciones que evidentemente tienden hacia el liberalismo y una redacción apresurada e incómoda de leer. Además, resulta más preciso indicar que nos encontramos ante un libro sobre cómo el liberalismo ve ciertos temas que ante un libro sobre la exposición ordenada de esos temas y su resolución en sí mismos.
El libro NO va sobre política. Ni siquiera estoy hablando de la política activa, sino de la fundamentación politológica. El autor plantea problemas y sus ricos 300/400 argumentos que en ocasiones se encuadran en la sociología, otros en la politología, unos pocos en la psicología, y en algunos se hace historiología, regocijándose inconscientemente en el propio anacronismo que critica. Como un profesor me dijo una vez: "Cualquier problema puede encuadrarse en cualquier disciplina", y justamente de este argumento podría valerse el filósofo para justificar que este libro pueda efectivamente ser un libro sobre la relación política entre los conceptos A, B, C y D, cuando en realidad su fundamentación se halla más cerca de aquella que se proporciona en otras disciplinas que dentro del carácter creativo que tanta frescura aporta al discurso politológico.
Tiene algunas buenas ideas que desafortunadamente quedan lastradas por otras tantas malas que, al menos en mi opinión, parecen ser mayoría. Si Schopenhauer era aparte de un magnífico filósofo, un magnífico escritor, Raymond Geuss es un buen crítico contemporáneo, pero un terrible escritor. Y es que, al acabar el libro, tengo la sensación de haberme quedado más con una breve serie de ideas de un conjunto inabarcable que con esa esencia coherente y quizás transgresora que me esperaba definiera un discurso crítico donde se trataran los temas de forma creativa (quiero hacer énfasis en ésto, porque estos temas no pueden sino tratarse de manera creativa, no basándose en la "vaga" exposición de los argumentos de X e Y autores que en algún momento de su vida tuvieron algo que decir sobre dicho tema y, quizás por ello, se toma como normativo más que como un valor añadido a un discurso que directamente no está en el escrito y se echa terriblemente en falta), apuntalando los cimientos de un nuevo pensamiento politológico y derribando los mitos que en parte todavía rigen el pensamiento contemporáneo.
a beauty, so far. One of the clearest, most austere, most closely argued presentations of the conceptual foundations of current political philosophy i've ever seen.
It is one of life's great pleasures to read contemporary political philosophy with this much wit, brilliance, and originality. Even if you don't care about political thought, this book is worth it for the continual digs at Kantians and Habermas. I don't know if I've ever giggled my way through a clear-headed analysis of liberalism before.
It can be thought of as an introduction to the various ways important concepts in political thought like "The State", "Democracy", "Rights", and "Liberalism" are thought about, and as an argument that these in fact don't fit together seamlessly.
Concise and merciless analysis of political concepts and preconceptions, completely devoid of moralism, and explicitly in the tradition of political realism. Not an easy read though.