Shoppers with Internet access and a bargain-hunting impulse can find a universe of products at their fingertips. In this thought-provoking exposé, Ariel Ezrachi and Maurice Stucke invite us to take a harder look at today’s app-assisted paradise of digital shopping. While consumers reap many benefits from online purchasing, the sophisticated algorithms and data-crunching that make browsing so convenient are also changing the nature of market competition, and not always for the better.
Computers colluding is one danger. Although long-standing laws prevent companies from fixing prices, data-driven algorithms can now quickly monitor competitors’ prices and adjust their own prices accordingly. So what is seemingly beneficial―increased price transparency―ironically can end up harming consumers. A second danger is behavioral discrimination. Here, companies track and profile consumers to get them to buy goods at the highest price they are willing to pay. The rise of super-platforms and their “frenemy” relationship with independent app developers raises a third danger. By controlling key platforms (such as the operating system of smartphones), data-driven monopolies dictate the flow of personal data and determine who gets to exploit potential buyers.
Virtual Competition raises timely questions. To what extent does the “invisible hand” still hold sway? In markets continually manipulated by bots and algorithms, is competitive pricing an illusion? Can our current laws protect consumers? The changing market reality is already shifting power into the hands of the few. Ezrachi and Stucke explore the resulting risks to competition, our democratic ideals, and our economic and overall well-being.
Thoughtful and frightening. One quibble I'd make is the assumption (explicit in the conclusion) that monopolies don't innovate. This isn't necessarily true -- innovation is costly and in many cases, perfect competition limits prices to rule out all but the most necessary activity. Monopolies fund big swings, misses and wins. Though of course at the immediate cost to consumers.
Post Script:
As I thought about this more, the more it strikes me how this book misses the point. The mere characterization of an enterprise as algorithm-driven or data dependent or not doesn't bear directly on its effect on the market. Innovators disrupt longstanding monopolies/oligopolies and, if they are successful and in time become dominant incumbents themselves only to be disrupted in turn. The tools of market control shift over time. The more you think about the arguments in this book, the more they appear narrow and one-dimensional.
As I been working in IT industries for many years, I understand what is data capable of, but never deeper. We always say rich people control the world, so governments have to try to tax them more to balance. But now the world has changed a little, company who got more data, and use them better could manipulate the world and make them rich. So same result, control. And maybe even more scary, people like me are not aware of it. Some governments foresee this, like China, create great firewall to avoid being manipulated. Well, I won't complain that any more. This is so true.
Another thing I get from this book, is how hard is everything. It's hard to compete with unicorn companies cuz they have data, they've developed and improved algorithms many years. It's hard to find the evidence of companies use our privacy to gain profits in some point, and hard to justify. It's hard for even government or international organisations to eliminate the monopolisation, things are not simply black and white.
Important work about the modern economy and what competition will mean at a time when dominant platforms and pricing algorithms will give everyone an individual "Truman Show" experience. Raises tough questions about the role of antitrust policy.
In the book, the primer on price discrimination (price tailored to a (group of) customers) and dynamic pricing (change due to supply and demand). Untill there is perfect price discrimination (perfectly tailored price for each individual) people are lumped in groups (p127).
People find "price discrimination unfair because the company does not provide an extra service, it simply excercises its market power" (p124).
Nice example of dynamic pricing: SFpark.org, parking meters monitor cars parking and prices on certain locations are adjusted.
This book is frightening and important. While it's dense with facts, it is also essential reading for understanding how your behavior online is turned into offering you products you may want for the highest price you are believed to be willing to pay (which is a different price from others viewing the same items). This article sums up what you'll find in greater detail in the book as well: https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articl...
One of the best books of 2017 on new trends in competition law & policy in digital markets. Catching and reads very easily. A recommendation not only for lawyers or economists but for the public in general.
Fearmongering from people who lack the abilities to understand Economy or Algorithms, but are very competent at climbing the academic ladder. This book is an attempt at switching at the much more lucrative talking head business, now that the pension plan is guaranteed by the tax payer.
A fine read on the perils of platforms and big data, Virtual Competition delves into the downside of a life increasingly dictated by the algorithms. While the tone in the book comes off as somewhat overly alarmist, the messages the authors seek to impart nonetheless resonate.