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Oxford Studies in Historical Theology

The Poverty of Riches: St. Francis of Assisi Reconsidered

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Saint Francis of Assisi is arguably the most attractive saint ever produced by the Catholic Church. The unusually high regard with which he is held has served to insulate him from any real criticism of the kind of sanctity that he sanctity based first and foremost on his deliberate pursuit of poverty. In this book, Kenneth Baxter Wolf takes a fresh look at Francis and the idea of voluntary poverty as a basis for Christian perfection. Wolf's point of departure is a series of simple but hitherto unasked questions about the precise nature of Francis's How did he go about transforming himself from a rich man to a poor one? How successful was this transformation? How did his self-imposed poverty compare to the involuntary poverty of those he met in and around Assisi? What did poor people of this type get out of their contact with Francis? What did Francis get out of his contact with them? Wolf finds that while Francis's conception of poverty as a spiritual
discipline may have opened the door to salvation for wealthy Christians like himself, it effectively precluded the idea that the poor could use their own involuntary poverty as a path to heaven. Based on a thorough reconsideration of the earliest biographies of the saint, as well as Francis's own writings, Wolf's work sheds important new light on the inherent ironies of poverty as a spiritual discipline and its relationship to poverty as a socio-economic affliction.

176 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2003

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Kenneth Baxter Wolf

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Displaying 1 - 6 of 6 reviews
Profile Image for Harmen de Jong.
154 reviews3 followers
December 3, 2022
Over het verschil tussen rijke armen en arme armen. Franciscus kust een melaatse. Melaatsen waren uitgestotenen, zondaars. De ontwikkeling van het begrip ‘melaatsheid’ is een studie apart. Ze waren een populaire gemeenschap om te kussen, heel wat heiligen hebben dat gedaan. Door vrijwillig het sociale aspect van een melaatse over te nemen kreeg Franciscus al een soort heilig aspect en werd meteen een concurrent van de hongerende leprozen. 
Franciscus  had kennis van kleding en stoffen, het was voor hem dus niet moeilijk om de meest beroerde stof om te dragen uit te kiezen, slechtere kleding nog dan de ‘gewone’ armen. Dit maakte hem soms heel populair: stukken van zijn kledij werden soms afgerukt om als relikwie te gebruiken.
Kon een arme, die niets had, toetreden tot Franciscus  zijn orde? Onduidelijk, het ‘ gaat heen en verkoopt al wat gij hebt' etc ging in ieder geval niet lukken.
Franciscus en zijn broeders waren niet te vergelijken met ‘gewone’ armen. Die wilden namelijk rijk worden, maakten zich zorgen over eten, kleding, onderdak, gezondheid. Zo niet de groep van Franciscus: zij hadden geen angst voor het verlies van wat dan ook, hun eigen zielenheil was het belangrijkst. De complete zorgeloosheid in de meest extreme armoede contrasteert sterk met die van de gewone armen. Het is elitaire armoede. Franciscus  en zijn companen moesten soms hun best doen om arm te blijven.

‘Wie dit doet aan de minsten van mijn broeders ….’ werd van toepassing op de Franciscaanse broeders. Daarmee zorgden ze ook voor het zieleheil van de aalmoes gevers. Dat effect was in veel mindere mate aanwezig bij aalmoezen voor de ‘gewone’  armen. 
De heilige Alexius van Odessa wordt genoemd. Hij was een romein uit de 5e eeuw die op de dag van zijn bruiloft vluchte naar Odessa en daar als bedelaar leefde. Sociale suicide. Hij had het armoede ideaal niet uit de Bijbel, het was zijn eigen vinding. 
Het ontvluchten van de wereld, de ‘vita passiva’ was hèt ideaal van de christenheid. Dat maakte je wijs en heilig. De ‘vita activa’  gaf je als bv kerkbestuurder wel macht, maar dat was het niet echt. Als voorbeeld wordt de H. Martinus van Tours genoemd. Een goede man, heilig enzo, maar veel te actief, veen Vita passiva. Zijn hagiograaf (Sulpicius) wrong zich in alle bochten om toch maar duidelijk te maken dat hij het liefst de wereld ontvluchtte. Martinus deed veel aan armoedebestrijding, maar dat krijgt weinig aandacht. Voor de zaligheid van minder belang dan de Vita passiva. Met de opkomst van de kloosters werd ook de ‘gehoorzaamheid’  een belangrijk thema. Van religieuze extase naar gehoorzaamheid. Ook toen was zorg voor de armen nog geen topprioriteit.
Franciscus zocht het lijden en de martelaarsdood, zie zijn reis naar Egypte. De sultan wilde niet meewerken. Er is een overeenkomst tussen Martinus en Franciscus in de zin van afwisselende Vita activa en passiva. Activa was helaas ook belangrijk, want ook Jezus verkeerde veel onder het volk. En de Imitatio Christi was erg belangrijk.
In de tijd van Franciscus waren er diverse heiligen die zich wèl met armoede bezig hielden, maar dan in hulpverlenende zin. Daarover is weinig gekend. De meest bekende was Raymondo van Piacenza, hij stierf in 1200. 
Franciscus was niet gewoon arm, maar werd het tegengestelde, het omgekeerde van zijn vader in alle opzichten: rijk-arm, mooie kleren-lompen etc. In zijn spreken gebruikte hij vaak handels metaforen. Je moest investeren in het toekomende leven. Als je helemaal niets had, dan moest je ook niets willen bezitten.
Franciscus kwam uit een rijk milieu en wist derhalve meer de rijken te bereiken. Rijken waren ook meer geneigd om hem aalmoezen te geven. Zijn beweging was heel geschikt om het schuldgevoel dat bij rijken kon bestaan, weg te nemen. Zo konden veel kloosters bestaan dankzij rijke mensen die rijke -maar ‘arm geworden’- monniken subsidieerden. Gewone armen waren niet in beeld.
Profile Image for Katie.
522 reviews347 followers
November 28, 2011
This is a rather odd book. In it's first half, Kenneth Baxter Wolf examines Francis's view of poverty and comes to the conclusion that Francis was far more concerned about acting poor than helping the poor. While this is certainly true, it's not a terribly helpful observation - 13th century ideas of social justice are not 20th century ideas of social justice, and this part of the book occasionally reads as if Wolf is chastising Francis for not solving poverty. While I guess it's a bummer that he didn't, it's never what Francis or his followers were attempting to do, so it seems like an unhelpful thing to point out. Wolf also suggests that Francis actively damaged the situation of the poor - he diverted funds via donations that would otherwise gone to the poor, and he closed off spiritual poverty to the involuntarily poor by redefining it as the willing sacrifice of wealth (you can't give up all your possessions if you never had any to begin with).

The book picks up a bit in its second half, in which Wolf claims that Francis really wasn't all that innovative. Instead, he was in a long line of religious men who sought the contemplative life in preference to the active life (removing oneself from the world rather than engaging in it). The only thing that distinguished him from the older orders of monks was his transplantation to the city. Wolf establishes this by comparing biographies of Francis to previous saints and contemporary examples of urban, lay piety that took a more active role in helping the poor. This is a more interesting idea, though it's damaged by the fact that Wolf never really accounts for the fact that preaching was an essential part of his mission, something that definitively separated him from hermit heroes or cloistered monks.

More broadly, Wolf's frequent refusal to deal with the problematic nature of his sources also weakens his case. The hagiographies that Wolf uses to describe Francis's thoughts and opinions were written after his death, sometimes by decades, in a context in which poverty was a very sensitive (and mutable) topic. While Wolf acknowledges this in his appendix, it is not sufficiently integrated into his argument and does not seem to particularly impact how the sources are used. That said, Wolf raises some important questions, and his positioning of Francis in the contemplative rather than active tradition is intriguing, if not quite fully demonstrated.
Profile Image for Willa Guadalupe Grant.
407 reviews2 followers
September 25, 2018
First I must state that I am a follower of St Francis and a RomanCatholic. I feel that Kenneth Wolf totally missed the message of Francis life and like the apostles fretting that the woman who poured expensive perfume on Jesus feet should have sold it and given the money to the poor, the author *completely* missed the message of Francis's life.
81 reviews1 follower
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March 3, 2023
It's extremely difficult to rate this book, because it is quite controversial. In the first part the author asks some "nasty" questions about Francis of Assisi, and states that Francis's voluntary poverty is something of the middle class, whereas the involuntary poverty of the genuinely poor is of a different order. To them, voluntary poverty is an unattainable goal. In posing these questions, is Kenneth Baxter Wolf deconstructing, or even intentionally demolishing the Saint's good name?
But gradually, over the course of this short study, the question becomes less nasty and more real. Especially chapter 7 was particularly enlightening. In this chapter, the author draws a parallel between St. Francis and St. Raymond, whom we have totally forgotten about. St. Raymond worked hard to alleviate the plight of the poor. St. Francis did nothing to that effect. Or did he? Identifying himself with the poor in a way that we see Christ in him and in them was maybe the biggest favour he could do to them. For it is this example that still echoes through the ages and is therefore the voice of conscience even for the church today. Unfortunately, this is not a conclusion that the author seems to come to. Therefore I say again: it is hard to rate this book.
Profile Image for lexi.
224 reviews1 follower
December 6, 2024
Research for a uni essay on spiritual poverty in christian thought ✝️💗
Profile Image for Willa Guadalupe Grant.
407 reviews2 followers
January 12, 2009
The author spends a whole book opening our eyes to the fact that Francis' idea of salvation through renunciation & voluntary poverty would appeal only to those who have something to give up & not to the really poor, no-duh! He also doesn't seem to see any good in the "vita passiva" or contemplative life- I mostly felt annoyed reading this book.
Displaying 1 - 6 of 6 reviews