5 stars. This book was excellent. Spoilers ahead, be warned!
I love the Hebrew Bible, and I had never considered analyzing the Book of Mormon as a commentary on the Hebrew Bible quite the way Kramer does. I loved his analysis. I need to reread that part of his book. It was just so good. Some of my favorite quotes are as follows:
On the many faces of Torah:
Torah is God’s direct creation, these rabbis believed that it participates in God’s power and therefore conveys an unlimited number of divine messages. As Rabbi Ishmael taught anciently: “Like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces… so also may one Biblical verse convey many teachings (BT Sanhedrin 34a).
For this reason, the Talmudic rabbis described the Torah as having at least seventy “faces” or facets (Numbers Rabbah 13:15), an idea that continues to be promoted by many rabbis today. Rabbi Stephen M. Wylen, a modern rabbi, explains:
The image of the seventy faces may be taken from the imagery of a jeweler’s art. Each side of a cut gem is called a facet, a little face. A light sparkles within every fine gemstone. We know that this light is a reflection, but the ancients thought of the light in a gemstone as originating from within the stone. The beauty and fascination of a fine gem is that the one stone sparkled in so many different ways. We know that there is a single light within the stone, but we see that light differently depending upon which face we gaze upon. One diamond is like seventy different diamonds as we turn it, but of course it is one. In the same way there is only one God, whose light shines forth from every verse in the Torah. We see that light differently depending upon how we interpret the verse. The unitary light of God’s Holy Spirit is fully revealed in many sparkles and flashes, as we seek God through a multitude of interpretations on every single verse of Scripture. (Stephen M. Wylen, Seventy Faces: The Jewish Way of Reading Scripture, p. 63. This is on p. 13)
On mysteries:
Because the Book of Mormon was neither written in Hebrew nor originally translated into Hebrew, any interpretation using sod in this way is naturally limited. Nonetheless, the Book of Mormon not only commends seeking after mysteries, but it also provides at least one mystical experience consistent with Jewish tradition. For instance, Nephi seems very interested in mysteries. In his introduction, he claims that he has had “a great knowledge of the goodness and the mysteries of God” (1 Ne. 1:1). Later he mentions that he had “great desires to know of the mysteries of God” as a youth and this is what motivated him to “cry unto the Lord” regarding his father’s initial prophecies. Given his experience where “the Lord did visit (him),” Nephi commends seeking such mysteries for all, saying, “For he that diligently seeketh shall find; and the mysteries of God shall be unfolded unto them, by the power of the Holy Ghost, as well in these times as in times of old” (2:16; 10:19)
Jacob too praises the mysteries of God, especially their limitlessness, calling them “unsearchable” because of their depth and claiming that “it is impossible that man should find out all (God’s) ways. And no man knoweth of his ways save it be revealed unto him; wherefore, brethren, despise not the revelations of God” (Jabob 4:8). King Benjamin further teaches that the plates of brass, his version of the Hebrew Scriptures, contain the “mysteries of God” and serve an irreplaceable function in allowing people to “read and understand (God’s) mysteries” (Mosiah 1:3,5). King Limhi extends this function to the Book of Mormon by saying that “Doubtless a great mystery is contained within these plates (from which the book of Ether came), and these interpreters were doubtless prepared for the purpose of unfolding all such mysteries to the children of men” (Mosiah 8:19).
Knowing the mysteries of God, especially those contained in the Scriptures, seems vital to these and other writers of the Book of Mormon. In addition, the Book of Mormon recounts a protracted mystical experience that demonstrates how these mysteries of God can be revealed. As Robinson points out, in traditional Judaism “mystical truth is derived from an esoteric symbol system embedded in the sacred text, but mystical truth can also come from dreams, visions, and revelations vouchsafed to a fortunate few… (p. 39-40)
On the struggle of understanding an applying the text
“A man does not fully understand the words of the Torah until he has come to grief over them.” (BT Gittin 43a, as quoted on p. 43)
On Education
From pg. 82 on education, Kramer writes:
That Judaism places great stress upon education is well known. But what Judaism means by education is not as well known. The Hebrew word for education is hinukh. It does not mean only formal schooling. It literally means “consecration” and refers to training a child for living, not only for a livelihood. The primary aims in education of Jewish children are to 1) instill the moral and ethical values of the Jewish heritage; 2) encourage active observance of the Torah’s commandments (mitvot); 3) transmit knowledge of the Torah, the Talmud, and the major Jewish sources; 4) create a strong sense of identification with and concern for all Jewish people. (Hayin Halevy Donin, To Be a Jew: A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life, p. 129-130)
On prophets
As the Jewish scholar Stephen Gabriel Rosenberg writes, prophets have a very specific function in the Hebrew Scriptures, a function that the English word does not always convey:
The term navi (plural nevi’im) is loosely translated as “prophet” but that gives the impression of someone who mainly foretells the future, which is not the case. Navi is a biblical word from the root n-b-a, which means “to bubble up”… and by extension to speak words that bubble up spontaneously… In more general terms it implies that the subject is speaking words that well up inside him, as if implanted by an outside source… The noun navi itself therefore indicates one who carries or conveys a special or divine message rather than prophecy. (Stephen Gabriel Rosenberg, The Haphtara Cycle: A Handbook to the Haphtaroth of the Jewish Year, xx.)
According to Rosenberg, Hebrew prophets are more “messengers” than predictors of the future, and the message they carry comes from God, not from themselves. As Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut writes, “A true prophet did not convey a personal opinion, but rather proclaimed a divinely initiated message.” (W. Gunther Plaut, The Haftarah Commentary, xxix.) This is precisely the kind of prophet the Book of Mormon presents, reinforcing this idea with distinct similarities to specific Hebrew prophets. (p. 125-126)