I fundamentally disagreed with so much of how the author perceives troubled youth. Throughout this book, Humes argues (seriously!!) that we should return to the 19th century system of prosecuting minors for offenses such as disrespect to authority and skipping school, and that the way to make our juvenile justice system more effective is to give harsher penalties for all offenses. I felt his arguments were judgmental, shortsighted, and lacking context.
Humes acknowledges that the juvenile justice system is failing miserably (and it is), but he only explores the possibility of cracking down even harder on juvenile offenders as the best way to fix the system. Justice systems in countries such as Norway show that rehabilitation is more effective than punishment. Yet, this is barely mentioned as an alternative. Longer sentences, stricter probation, and boot camp are discussed at length, but what about programs such as mental health services, early intervention, family therapy, community outreach, alternative education?
There is some talk of early intervention as a way to prevent mild offenders from escalating into more severe crimes, but I was often disgusted with how these kids were referred to. The author has no problem with putting kids into categories - those who are either good or bad, those who can be saved and those who can't. At one point the author states, "he is not at heart a criminal, although many of her other probationers are, kids with no moral compasses...". He suggests "a two-tier system, one for wayward kids, and one for the thugs and the killers where punishment, not rehabilitation is the goal." (This book is a bit dated, but we all know that "thug" is a racially charged word, right?) Certain kids are referred to as "little monsters", "unsalvageable human beings", and "hopeless" throughout the book.
Humes talks about choosing which kids to spend our precious resources on, even going so far as to suggest that since kids and teens with supportive families are more likely to be successfully rehabilitated, we should spend more of the resources on that population. Why should we spend the most on kids who are already more privileged? In fact, why are we looking at this topic as if we need to choose which kids to care about helping and which to simply lock up? The system is broken - how about looking at more radical approaches that benefit ALL juvenile offenders and strive to get all of them the help they need? This is the thought I kept returning to as he criticized how we spend the most money on repeat offenders who are most likely to never be rehabilitated. I care about those kids as well as the ones who committing more minor offenses; I want a justice system that looks out for them all.
I found this book to be lacking context in many ways. There are brief mentions of how things such as race, gender, and social class impact the type of treatment a juvenile offender receives in court. But, these aspects are so integral to our broken justice system that I felt they deserved much more attention. Instead of demanding that more kids are locked up for longer periods of time and for more trivial offenses, why are we not examining the prison industrial complex? Or the school to prison pipeline? (Both of which are built on a system of racial injustice, btw.) Or, again, on prevention programs that are proven to work?
I am probably a bit biased here, because I work with troubled youth as a special education teacher and a crisis counselor. Without some degree of idealism, I just couldn't be successful in that field. I agree with many of the author's points about how our system is failing; but I don't these returning to a 19th century justice system is the best way to fix it.