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La raison des gestes dans l'occident médiéval

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Charlemagne se tord la barbe et pleure ; devant Guillaume le Conquérant, Harold prête serment les mains posées sur des reliques ; les bras tendus, le prêtre élève l'hostie que les fidèles, à genoux et les mains jointes, fixent du regard ; tous font des signes de croix. Qu'ils nous surprennent ou nous paraissent aujourd'hui encore familiers, tous ces gestes sont liés à une culture et à son histoire. Car il n'existe pas de gestes "naturels", mais des usages sociaux du corps, propres à chaque civilisation et qui changent au cours du temps.Ce livre explore l'histoire des gestes en Occident, depuis l'Antiquité tardive jusqu'au Moyen Âge central. D'entrée de jeu, il souligne un problème crucial : l'historien, à l'inverse de l'ethnologue ou du sociologue, n'atteint pas directement les gestes du passé, mais toujours dans des écrits ou des images, des représentations des gestes qui en sont aussi des interprétations données par la culture du temps. Ce qui déplace et enrichit le questionnaire de l'historien : qu'est-ce que "faire un geste" dans la société chrétienne du Moyen Âge ? Comment juge-t-on à cette époque le corps, son mouvement et ses attitudes ? Existe-t-il alors une ou des théories du geste ?

440 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1984

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About the author

Jean-Claude Schmitt

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Jean-Claude Schmitt (born March 4, 1946 in Colmar) is a prominent French medievalist, the former student of Jacques Le Goff. He studies the socio-cultural aspects of medieval history in Western Europe and has made important contributions in his use of anthropological and art historical methods to interpret history. His most significant work has dealt with the relationships among elites and laymen in medieval life, particularly in the realm of religious culture, where he has focused on ideas and topics such as superstition, the occult and heresy in order to flesh out the differing world-views of the lay peasantry and the clerical elites who attempted to define religious practice. He has contributed numerous books, articles and encyclopedia entries on these and related topics. He has also written widely on the cult of saints, the idea of adolescence, visions and dreams, and preaching.

Among Schmitt's best known works translated in English are The Holy Greyhound (1983), about the strange cult of a holy dog in medieval France, and Ghosts in the Middle Ages (1998) about notions of death, the afterlife and paranormal visions in medieval culture. Both works are considered important examples of "historical anthropology," or the use of methods and approaches borrowed from anthropology and other social sciences to investigate the past. Schmitt has argued that this has helped correct for the tendency among medievalists in the past to focus on elites, political institutions and narrative history to the exclusion of the lower classes and their less well-documented experiences of life.

Schmitt is currently Director of Studies at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and directs the society of professional historians, Groupe d'Anthropologie Historique de l'Occident Médiéval.

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