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Preliminary Statement on a General Theory of the Islamization of the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago

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This essay presents a bold - even radical - configuration, perhaps for the first time, setting forth the outlines of a general theory of the Islamization of the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago. The author's vision of the past with reference to the history of Islam in the Archipelago, and his assessment of the cultural impact of Islam therein, may yet clarify the vagueness and obscurity that pervade the subject and, further, effect fundamental changes in the historical appreciation of the role of the Malay civilization, hitherto only fragmentarily and inaccurately formulated, in the history of Islam in the Archipelago.

36 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1969

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About the author

Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas

43 books584 followers
Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, born September 5, 1931 in Bogor, Java, is a prominent contemporary Muslim thinker. He is one of the few contemporary scholars who is thoroughly rooted in the traditional Islamic sciences and who is equally competent in theology, philosophy, metaphysics, history, and literature. His thought is integrated, multifaceted and creative. Al-Attas’ philosophy and methodology of education have one goal: Islamization of the mind, body and soul and its effects on the personal and collective life on Muslims as well as others, including the spiritual and physical non-human environment. He is the author of twenty-seven authoritative works on various aspects of Islamic thought and civilization, particularly on Sufism, cosmology, metaphysics, philosophy and Malay language and literature.



Al-Attas was born into a family with a history of illustrious ancestors, saints, and scholars. He received a thorough education in Islamic sciences, Malay language, literature and culture. His formal primary education began at age 5 in Johor, Malaysia, but during the Japanese occupation of Malaysia, he went to school in Java, in Madrasah Al-`Urwatu’l-wuthqa, studying in Arabic. After World War II in 1946 he returned to Johor to complete his secondary education. He was exposed to Malay literature, history, religion, and western classics in English, and in a cultured social atmosphere developed a keen aesthetic sensitivity. This nurtured in al-Attas an exquisite style and precise vocabulary that were unique to his Malay writings and language. After al-Attas finished secondary school in 1951, he entered the Malay Regiment as cadet officer no. 6675. There he was selected to study at Eton Hall, Chester, Wales and later at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, England (952 -55). This gave him insight into the spirit and style of British society. During this time he was drawn to the metaphysics of the Sufis, especially works of Jami, which he found in the library of the Academy. He traveled widely, drawn especially to Spain and North Africa where Islamic heritage had a profound influence on him. Al-Attas felt the need to study, and voluntarily resigned from the King’s Commission to serve in the Royal Malay Regiment, in order to pursue studies at the University of Malaya in Singapore 1957-59. While undergraduate at University of Malay, he wrote Rangkaian Ruba`iyat, a literary work, and Some Aspects of Sufism as Understood and Practised among the Malays. He was awarded the Canada Council Fellowship for three years of study at the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University in Montreal. He received the M.A. degree with distinction in Islamic philosophy in 1962, with his thesis “Raniri and the Wujudiyyah of 17th Century Acheh” . Al-Attas went on to the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London where he worked with Professor A. J. Arberry of Cambridge and Dr. Martin Lings. His doctoral thesis (1962) was a two-volume work on the mysticism of Hamzah Fansuri.



In 1965, Dr. al-Attas returned to Malaysia and became Head of the Division of Literature in the Department of Malay Studies at the University of Malay, Kuala Lumpur. He was Dean of the Faculty of Arts from 1968-70. Thereafter he moved to the new National University of Malaysia, as Head of the Department of Malay Language and Literature and then Dean of the Faculty of Arts. He strongly advocated the use of Malay as the language of instruction at the university level and proposed an integrated method of studying Malay language, literature and culture so that the role and influence of Islam and its relationship with other languages and cultures would be studied with clarity. He founded and directed the Institute of Malay Language, Literature, and Culture (IBKKM) at the National University of Malaysia in 1973 to carry out his vision.



In 1987, with al-Attas as founder and director, the International Institute of Islamic Thought a

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Profile Image for Najibah Bakar.
Author 9 books348 followers
December 21, 2016
Kalau ada pihak yang mengatakan bahawa sifat dan pembawaan orang Melayu tidak berubah sejak dari zaman penyebaran agama Buddha dan Hindu di Nusantara dan seterusnya Islam, Prof SMNA menolak pendapat itu dengan hujah-hujah yang mantap.

Baginya, Islam telah menyuntik kesedaran yang menjangkau lebih daripada perubahan citarasa seni dan estetika seperti yang dialami orang Melayu ketika menganut Hindu dan Buddha; malah yang terpenting sekali Islam membawa perubahan pemikiran kepada bentuk yang lebih rasional dan saintifik.

Teori kedatangan Islam yang meletakkan dasar kepada hal eksternal atau luaran, seperti berasaskan kesan perdagangan, menurut Prof SMNA memberi gambaran yang silap mengenai kedatangan Islam ke rantau Melayu-Indonesia.

Ini kerana Islam eksternal itu bukanlah Islam yang tepat seperti difahami oleh orang-orang Islam, yang melihatnya sebagai kepercayaan dan anutan yang berasaskan sumber sandaran dari para ulama' dan pendakwah.

Di sinilah bukti berupa karya-karya terawal yang sampai dan berlegar di rantau Melayu-Indonesia menjadi penting untuk menyusun teori kedatangan Islam dengan benar dan tepat. Karya terawal Islam itu bukanlah karya pengarang India ataupun karya asal India, tetapi karya-karya dari Tanah Arab dan berlatar belakang Arab. Begitu juga dengan golongan pendakwah terawal yang tiba ke sini, terdiri daripada golongan Sayyid dari Hadramaut.

Orang Barat dalam meletakkan teori kedatangan Islam itu, juga terkeliru oleh konsep misionari agama mereka Kristian. Mereka tidak faham bahawa dalam Islam, cara berdakwah sama sekali tidak berasaskan sebuah institusi seperti gereja dan sekelompok golongan seperti paderi. Tetapi setiap Muslim berpeluang menjadi pendakwah dalam kapasiti dan kemampuan masing-masing.

Islam juga memantapkan bahasa perantaraan di sebelah Nusantara iaitu Bahasa Melayu melalui penggunaan huruf-huruf Arab. Perkembangan persuratan menjadi sangat luar biasa selepas itu. Ini tidak pernah berlaku pada masa penganutan Hindu-Buddha di tanah Melayu. Karya-karya yang berciri falsafah mistik dan teologi rasional mula muncul pada abad ke 9H/16M hingga 10H/17M.

Pusat perkembangan bahasa Melayu yang berciri rasional dan saintifik ini adalah di Barus, dan pusatnya di Pasai (Aceh hari ini). Maka tidak tepat untuk mengatakan Abdullah Munsyi sebagai bapa persuratan Melayu, sebaliknya Hamzah Fansuri yang layak diangkat untuk menandai zaman kemunculan karya-karya Islam yang begitu prolifik. Abdullah Munsyi boleh dikatakan berada di penghujung zaman stail penulisan aliran Sejarah Melayu. Malah beliau tidak pun mempunyai pengikut yang meneruskan stail penulisannya.

Terdapat 3 fasa Islamisasi yang terjadi di Melayu-Indonesia:

1. 1200-1400 M - Fasa pengislaman 'jasmani' yang lebih terikat kepada hal-hal fiqh.
2. 1400-1700 M - Fasa pengislaman 'rohani' yang digambarkan oleh perkembangan tasawuf dan ilmu al-kalam.
3. 1700 M ke atas - Fasa perkembangan ciri rasional, individualistik dan keantarabangsaan yang telah ditanam oleh Islam - yang juga ditandai dengan kehadiran orang Barat di dunia Melayu-Indonesia di mana asas Islam telah memberi peluang kepada orang Melayu untuk lebih mampu beradaptasi dengan pemikiran Barat.

Kedatangan Islam ke rantau Melayu-Indonesia menandakan suatu tempoh baru dalam sejarah Nusantara. Karya-karya berbentuk polemik mula muncul pada kurun ke 15 hingga 17. Perubahan idea mula berlaku selepas Islam membezakan konsep Wujudiah (Being) daripada pemahaman yang dipegang sebelumnya. Tempoh ini (kurun 15-17) adalah tempoh 'penjelasan', 'pendalaman' dan 'pemiawaian', serta 'pembetulan' kepada asas-asas Islam yang telah ditanamkan pada kurun-kurun sebelum. Istilah-istilah penting yang menerangkan konsep utama Islam dalam bahasa Melayu telah diberi nafas baru mengikut hakikat yang ditonjolkan Islam.

Kemodenan mula menjengah dunia Melayu. Namun definisi moden itu sendiri harus difahami dengan telus oleh orang Islam. Moden di Barat tidak sama dengan moden dalam pandangan alam Islam. Moden di Barat terhasil dari benturan antara gereja dengan humanisme. Manakala dalam Islam kemodenan sentiasa datang dengan harmoni tanpa perlu berselisih dengan agama.

Antara sebab Barat menegaskan teori kemodenan menurut acuan mereka di rantau ini, adalah kerana mereka mahu menolak daya pengaruh Islam daripada terus menjadi baja kepada tanah air kita. Malah ada satu teori oleh Schrieke sampai mengatakan, Islam semakin pesat dan menyebar di rantau ini antara kurun ke-15 hingga ke-17, adalah kerana impak kedatangan Kristian di Nusantara. Padahal hanya selepas kurun ke-19, barulah kesan kedatangan Kristian itu menonjol.
Profile Image for Mohd Jamizal.
72 reviews1 follower
May 19, 2023
Sufis brought Islam to Malay Archipelago. Period. dil
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