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Preliminary statement on a general theory of the Islamization of the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago,

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This essay presents a bold - even radical - configuration, perhaps for the first time, setting forth the outlines of a general theory of the Islamization of the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago. The author's vision of the past with reference to the history of Islam in the Archipelago, and his assessment of the cultural impact of Islam therein, may yet clarify the vagueness and obscurity that pervade the subject and, further, effect fundamental changes in the historical appreciation of the role of the Malay civilization, hitherto only fragmentarily and inaccurately formulated, in the history of Islam in the Archipelago.

36 pages, Unknown Binding

First published January 1, 1969

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Profile Image for Najibah Bakar.
Author 9 books345 followers
December 21, 2016
Kalau ada pihak yang mengatakan bahawa sifat dan pembawaan orang Melayu tidak berubah sejak dari zaman penyebaran agama Buddha dan Hindu di Nusantara dan seterusnya Islam, Prof SMNA menolak pendapat itu dengan hujah-hujah yang mantap.

Baginya, Islam telah menyuntik kesedaran yang menjangkau lebih daripada perubahan citarasa seni dan estetika seperti yang dialami orang Melayu ketika menganut Hindu dan Buddha; malah yang terpenting sekali Islam membawa perubahan pemikiran kepada bentuk yang lebih rasional dan saintifik.

Teori kedatangan Islam yang meletakkan dasar kepada hal eksternal atau luaran, seperti berasaskan kesan perdagangan, menurut Prof SMNA memberi gambaran yang silap mengenai kedatangan Islam ke rantau Melayu-Indonesia.

Ini kerana Islam eksternal itu bukanlah Islam yang tepat seperti difahami oleh orang-orang Islam, yang melihatnya sebagai kepercayaan dan anutan yang berasaskan sumber sandaran dari para ulama' dan pendakwah.

Di sinilah bukti berupa karya-karya terawal yang sampai dan berlegar di rantau Melayu-Indonesia menjadi penting untuk menyusun teori kedatangan Islam dengan benar dan tepat. Karya terawal Islam itu bukanlah karya pengarang India ataupun karya asal India, tetapi karya-karya dari Tanah Arab dan berlatar belakang Arab. Begitu juga dengan golongan pendakwah terawal yang tiba ke sini, terdiri daripada golongan Sayyid dari Hadramaut.

Orang Barat dalam meletakkan teori kedatangan Islam itu, juga terkeliru oleh konsep misionari agama mereka Kristian. Mereka tidak faham bahawa dalam Islam, cara berdakwah sama sekali tidak berasaskan sebuah institusi seperti gereja dan sekelompok golongan seperti paderi. Tetapi setiap Muslim berpeluang menjadi pendakwah dalam kapasiti dan kemampuan masing-masing.

Islam juga memantapkan bahasa perantaraan di sebelah Nusantara iaitu Bahasa Melayu melalui penggunaan huruf-huruf Arab. Perkembangan persuratan menjadi sangat luar biasa selepas itu. Ini tidak pernah berlaku pada masa penganutan Hindu-Buddha di tanah Melayu. Karya-karya yang berciri falsafah mistik dan teologi rasional mula muncul pada abad ke 9H/16M hingga 10H/17M.

Pusat perkembangan bahasa Melayu yang berciri rasional dan saintifik ini adalah di Barus, dan pusatnya di Pasai (Aceh hari ini). Maka tidak tepat untuk mengatakan Abdullah Munsyi sebagai bapa persuratan Melayu, sebaliknya Hamzah Fansuri yang layak diangkat untuk menandai zaman kemunculan karya-karya Islam yang begitu prolifik. Abdullah Munsyi boleh dikatakan berada di penghujung zaman stail penulisan aliran Sejarah Melayu. Malah beliau tidak pun mempunyai pengikut yang meneruskan stail penulisannya.

Terdapat 3 fasa Islamisasi yang terjadi di Melayu-Indonesia:

1. 1200-1400 M - Fasa pengislaman 'jasmani' yang lebih terikat kepada hal-hal fiqh.
2. 1400-1700 M - Fasa pengislaman 'rohani' yang digambarkan oleh perkembangan tasawuf dan ilmu al-kalam.
3. 1700 M ke atas - Fasa perkembangan ciri rasional, individualistik dan keantarabangsaan yang telah ditanam oleh Islam - yang juga ditandai dengan kehadiran orang Barat di dunia Melayu-Indonesia di mana asas Islam telah memberi peluang kepada orang Melayu untuk lebih mampu beradaptasi dengan pemikiran Barat.

Kedatangan Islam ke rantau Melayu-Indonesia menandakan suatu tempoh baru dalam sejarah Nusantara. Karya-karya berbentuk polemik mula muncul pada kurun ke 15 hingga 17. Perubahan idea mula berlaku selepas Islam membezakan konsep Wujudiah (Being) daripada pemahaman yang dipegang sebelumnya. Tempoh ini (kurun 15-17) adalah tempoh 'penjelasan', 'pendalaman' dan 'pemiawaian', serta 'pembetulan' kepada asas-asas Islam yang telah ditanamkan pada kurun-kurun sebelum. Istilah-istilah penting yang menerangkan konsep utama Islam dalam bahasa Melayu telah diberi nafas baru mengikut hakikat yang ditonjolkan Islam.

Kemodenan mula menjengah dunia Melayu. Namun definisi moden itu sendiri harus difahami dengan telus oleh orang Islam. Moden di Barat tidak sama dengan moden dalam pandangan alam Islam. Moden di Barat terhasil dari benturan antara gereja dengan humanisme. Manakala dalam Islam kemodenan sentiasa datang dengan harmoni tanpa perlu berselisih dengan agama.

Antara sebab Barat menegaskan teori kemodenan menurut acuan mereka di rantau ini, adalah kerana mereka mahu menolak daya pengaruh Islam daripada terus menjadi baja kepada tanah air kita. Malah ada satu teori oleh Schrieke sampai mengatakan, Islam semakin pesat dan menyebar di rantau ini antara kurun ke-15 hingga ke-17, adalah kerana impak kedatangan Kristian di Nusantara. Padahal hanya selepas kurun ke-19, barulah kesan kedatangan Kristian itu menonjol.
Profile Image for Nazmi Yaakub.
Author 10 books275 followers
February 23, 2018
Ulasan penuh mengenai buku ini boleh dibaca di sini: Buku tegaskan Islam bukan penumpang di alam Melayu.

Insya-Allah pada masa depan, akan cuba menulis catatan yang lebih panjang dan komprehensif.

Buku penting yang menjadi landasan kepada karya yang terbit mutakhir ini, iaitu Historical Fact And Fiction yang memperjelaskan kedudukan Islam sebagai unsur terpenting dan utama dalam peradaban Melayu. Ia juga mencabar pensejarahan yang bersandarkan pandangan alam Barat dan kerangka sejarah yang digunakan oleh orientalis serta anak murid mereka dari kalangan sejarawan termasuk negara ini.
Profile Image for Mohd Jamizal.
72 reviews1 follower
May 19, 2023
Sufis brought Islam to Malay Archipelago. Period. dil
Profile Image for S.M.Y Kayseri.
277 reviews43 followers
November 24, 2023
In the light of recent events where an Indian politician claimed that the Malays are in fact really Indian people, it is easy for us to dismiss this as rubbish (as it really is). But we could gain more understanding from this polemics by taking a step back and to embark on a journey to discover the truths regarding our roots.

The politician might mean one of these two things; that first the Malays are ethnically Indians or an offshoot from it (biological) or secondly the Malays are connected closely in terms of cultural or religious matters with their Indians overlords. Now, the first would be clearly not true, only in remote cases where intermarriages occurred between the two races, but as we can see, it could only be called as intermarriages when there is already two distinct races (Indians and Malays). There is no archeological, historical nor biological records stating that Malays are a direct offshoot from Indians. As stated by Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs and Steel, the Malays were originated from the Austronesian people who arrived in the Archipelago from Taiwan few hundred thousands years ago due to displacement by the advancing Chinese people from the Mainland. It is these Austronesian people that the Malays and the Archipelagos people originated from.

In response to the second part, that is cultural, it is suffice to quote the words of W.F. Wertheim, “ ...According to Hindu ideology he was merely a creature of lower order than the number of the higher castes. Under Islam he could, as it were feel himself their equal or, even, in his quality as a Muslim, the superior of such of themas were not Muslims themselves…” It is also important to not overestimate the role of Hinduism in Malay civilisation. The Malay civilisation, according to al-Attas, is not a Hinduized society, as the the imposition of Hinduism is of a top-to-bottom process, to “…legitimise (the ruling dynasties) sacrally by the Indian hierocracy…

al-Attas offered other historical tidbits to deliver his argument home. He observed that many of Malay translations of Hindu epics, such as the Bhagavad Gita or the Mahabhratha were largely omitted from the subtle metaphysical or religious component contained in the original works. Prapañca, the poet laureate of Majapahit, was criticised by the court for his heavily erudite works rather than effusions of poetical spirit loved by the court, to offer another instances. It is clear thus the imposition of Hinduism and Buddhism in later ages were of a superficial one, due to the aesthetically rather than metaphysical spirit of the Malays.

al-Attas then outlined a general chronology of Islamization of the Malay Archipelago. It is worth to note that al-Attas insisted that the spread of Islam was carried by, first and foremost, religious scholars from the Arabic world, not of the Indian subcontinent. While there could be some of the missionary hailed from India, the works were predominantly done by the Arabs, especially of the Sufistic orders, and later by the indigenous people of Malay Archipelago, mostly also by the offsprings resulting from intermarriages from the first generation of Arab scholars and the indigenous people.

Another interesting anecdote is al-Attas’s insistence to look at the structure of the Malay language, how it naturally suited with Islam and how the language itself change with the dawn of Islam and with it, entirely transformed the worldview of the Malay people. The Malay language, as most of people already knew, was used as lingua franca, but restricted to trade practices. As a result from this restricted usage, the Malay language was free from the heavy and sophisticated mythological, metaphysical vocabularies. This, according to al-Attas, drew interesting parallels with the Arabic language in the dawn of Islam. It is useful to look at the Javanese language which proved more accepting to the Hindu influence rather than Islamic (this opinion is now largely exaggerated, we are writing it here for the sake of comparison). The Javanese language is an aesthetic language, showed by above historical anecdotes where the court are accepting of Hindu epics cleansed from its metaphysical overtones. As a result from hundreds of years steeped in this, the Javanese language acquired a heavy baggage of language with firmly rooted concepts and ideas. Later Muslim missionaries had to explain Islamic concepts using parallels from the Hindu-Javanese vocabularies and culture, the greatest of them were the Sunan’s use of wayangs.
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