It’s kind of tough to know what to say or think about this one. It’s a play from about 1630, closely related to the genre of Jacobean revenge plays, which are notorious for trying to get the audience’s attention by shocking them. Sure enough, we open Act 1 Scene 1 with a clever young man, just back from a foreign university, strolling down the street with a friar and casually talking about how much he wants to have sex with his sister. No no no, that’s wrong, says the friar, and the young man then launches into a flowery sophistical digression justifying himself. They argue. God will punish sin, says the friar, and don’t you pull that atheist crap on me, ‘cause you’re not at university any more and you can’t get away with that kind of egghead stuff ‘round here. The young man halfheartedly vows to try praying, repenting and fighting his lusts. Will it work, or will he be Swept Away by a Forbidden Love?
I’ll try to limit the spoilers for now, but I don’t feel too bad disclosing that things keep getting more transgressive from there, almost as if that’s the author’s conscious objective. After all, if the audience is there to be shocked, then each successive act has to have something to keep them that way. By the end of the play we have multiple dead bodies (bloody and otherwise) scattered about the stage, and someone is running around babbling insanely while brandishing a heart impaled on a dagger. Also, he’s swordfighting. It’s unclear whether he puts down the dagger with the heart on it before taking up swordplay.
Described thus, it sounds almost as silly as The Courier’s Tragedy, the absurd fictional parody of Jacobean revenge plays described in Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49. And one can almost understand why the Puritans of the time periodically closed down the theaters in fits of moralistic contempt.
And yet there’s more here. The obvious, casual misogyny of the title has a double edge to it. Again, no spoilers yet, but when the line occurs in the play, it’s a brutally, casually dismissive statement by a character who plainly has no idea what he’s talking about (and doesn’t care.)
Lots of people die in this play, but I find myself particularly thinking about the women. Why should we pay more attention to them? Well, to my mind, the title is a pre-emptive slap in the face of the reader/audience, saying in essence “notice this!” Notice the way the women are treated. Okay, let’s notice.
(End of no-spoiler pledge, by the way. Stop reading if such things matter to you.)
There are four female characters. One is a frankly amoral old woman who gives really bad personal-relationship advice; one is a wife who has been seduced and betrayed by a lover, two are unmarried virgins. One of the latter is no longer a virgin by the end of act one. Of these four, three die in various more-or-less horrible ways. Can you guess which three?
Bingo! It’s the old sex-equals-death trope, familiar to us from such classic works of literature as Halloween and Friday the 13th.
But which one does the title refer to? The author dangles the anticipated title-drop until the very end, seeming inviting us to guess who it refers to. Who’s the “whore”? What do we mean by “whore”, anyway?
Putana, whose name literally means “whore”, is a stunningly bad chaperone for a young woman. When leaving Annabel and her brother Giovanni to talk privately in the first act, she mutters in a snide aside to the audience that if he were anybody else, she’d take a cut of Annabel’s fee. It turns out she’s not actually joking. Shortly afterward she knowingly colludes in enabling brother-sister incest, saying almost literally, “if it feels good do it.” (Act 2, Scene 1: “[I]f a young wench feel the fit upon her, let her take anybody, father or brother, all is one.”) This is like the compliasant Nurse of Romeo and Juliet turned up to 11. It’s like she wants her good-girl charge to be corrupted, and enjoys watching it happen. She’s the unfiltered voice of the id, of biological urges that totally ignore reason and custom. What ever possessed Annabel’s father to hire this creature? If not the “whore” of the title, she’s certainly far from being a good guide or “tutoress” for anybody, and her “joking” comments about payment suggest that she’s not above prostituting the female body, even the body of someone whose virtue and reputation she’s supposed to protect.
And Annabel. The golden girl, the much-desired ingenue sought after by literally all of the eligible bachelors in town. She’s totally unimpressed with all of them, and understandably so. They’re an unimpressive lot: a second-rate bungler who never gets anything right; a blithering idiot who’s literally too stupid to live; and an arrogantly amoral, hypocritical ass who has already seduced, abandoned, and publicly betrayed at least one married woman. (Putana helpfully tells her this, then suggests that she marry the seducer because he’s a Real Man who knows how to Handle a Woman. Ugh.) No wonder her glib brother, freshly back from university and spouting all kinds of fine-sounding words, seems more attractive. Perhaps she should have noticed that he’s a bit too good at persuading himself with those fine-sounding words, and talking himself into all sorts of ideas and actions that boring conventional thinkers would recoil from. And, yeah, there’s that whole brother-sister thing. (But Putana says it’s okay!) Annabel doesn’t initiate her own disaster, though she does participate willingly once it’s proposed to her. But however foolish and misguided she may be at this stage, the play makes it clear that she’s motivated by actual affection for Giovanni, not by the prospect of cynically trading sex for money or social advancement or anything else that a literal prostitute would take in payment for services. In fact, Annabel and Giovanni are the only couple in the play who act like genuine lovers, who actually seem to like each other and be happy with each other. We can even speculate that if the two of them were to abscond to some distant town under fake identities, they might actually live together quite happily. But this is not the case. Giovanni is too entranced by his delusional dreams of lovers’ utopia to see the real-world disaster looming ahead of them, much less to take any action to avoid it. Annabel sees the disaster all too clearly when she gets pregnant. This is of course a reality check which inevitably hits women much harder than it hits men. And this is arguably the point at which she realizes that however much she loves him, Giovanni’s finely-worded flights of fancy primarily serve to amuse him, and will not save her from disaster. She’s the one who has to deal with the real-world consequences of their actions, while he continues to live in a fantasy world that becomes increasingly detached from the play’s grim reality. Far from benefiting from trading sex for worldly gain, Annabel’s been lured into disaster by sincere, if foolish, affection.
Hippolyta was once a good girl, too. A formerly chaste wife, she’s been seduced, abandoned and publicly disgraced by a lover who pursued her relentlessly, then casually ditched her once he got what he wanted. But she’s no passive creature to be acted on by men and then ignored. She’s furious, and she’s trying every scheme she can think of to get revenge on the traitorous son-of-a-bitch. This does not work out well, as she is once more betrayed by a man she unwisely trusts. You can hardly blame her for spitting with rage while she dies. She let herself be seduced, gained nothing but (perhaps) momentary pleasure from the experience, and bitterly regretted it. Does this make her a “whore”?
And what about Philotis, the one female character who survives the play? She is a “good girl”, a virgin who remains such, but not really by choice or principle. It’s just that she’s so docile and passive and obedient to her uncle that she seems to have literally no agency, no wishes or desires or passions of her own, good or bad. When told by her uncle to marry a blithering twit on a moment’s notice, she obediently glides off to do so, no questions asked, even when the uncle crudely pushes the marriage in words that sound very much like a pimp. (III.v: “[w]hen we have done what’s fit to do, then you may kiss your fill, and bed her too.”). When that goes horribly wrong, she doesn’t seem too upset about it, she just continues doing what her uncle says, and trots off to join a convent. You could make a case that the marriage her uncle proposes is much like prostitution, a bluntly described trade of sex for social position with no hint of personal affection whatsoever. It fails to happen not because she prefers anything different, but through blind chance when the hapless groom is mistakenly slaughtered by a bungling assassin. Philotis the passive good girl turns out to be basically a female-shaped figure with not much more agency than a blowup doll. Of course, seeing what sex leads to in the twisted world of this play, who can really blame her for being glad to say Goodbye to All That? (IV.ii: “Farewell, world, and worldly thoughts, adieu! Welcome, chaste vows; I yield myself to you.”) And she ends up being the Final Girl, although not by choice. She’s so boring it hardly seems to matter.
So. Which is the “whore”? Anybody who’s read this far has probably already read the play as well, and we know that as the Cardinal in the final scene is opportunistically giving orders for everybody���s fortunes to be confiscated and handed over to the Church, his offhand derisive comment is directed at Annabel, of whom he has only the most desultory knowledge. The play’s bitter irony is that of all the four female characters, she’s the only one who’s had a sexual relationship based on honest, genuine affection and mutual desire, not on deception or the prospect of trading sex for gain. Putana really does live down to her name in attitude, if not in deed; Hippolyta betrayed her spouse; Philotis, while technically a virgin (and even a nun) at the end, didn’t particularly seek out that outcome, she just passively let herself be led by her uncle wherever he told her to go, including the prospect of being wedded and bedded for the sake of a socially useful connection to a rich father in law, and drifted into the convent more or less by accident when that didn’t work out.
But because Annabel’s sincerely affectionate sexuality has gotten her “in trouble” with a socially unacceptable mate, she’s slapped with the dismissive, insulting label of “whore”. One can’t help but wonder whether the author’s provocative title is intended to question that label, and the ludicrously inapt set of values and judgements that lie behind it, almost as much as it is intended to grab the audience’s attention with prurient interest.