Chang Tso-lin in Northeast China, 1911-1928: China, Japan and the Manchurian Idea is the first biography written by a westerner for publication. Gavan McCormack, the author, revolving round the life of Zhang Zuolin, and from various aspects of military affairs, diplomacy, economy, politics, society, etc., holds the fair belief that in terms of the relation with the Japanese Imperialism, Zhang possessed something more than a pure puppet, but is short of something compared with a nationalist, which restores a true Zhang Zuolin on an impartial basis.