In Leipzig I picked up two booklets from SuKuLTuR's "Schöner Lesen" series. Etel Adnan's essay Schreiben in einer fremden Sprache (Writing in a foreign language) piqued my interest due to its title.
I studied authors who write in their foreign language intensively at university. It's a topic that fascinates me to no end. For some reason, I hadn't heard of Etel Adnan before. Being able to speak three foreign languages myself (more or less) I have a hard time picturing myself writing in any except English. At this point in my life I don't see myself writing in French (too much pressure) or Russian (too hard).
Adnan was born in 1925 in Beirut, Lebanon. Adnan's mother Rose Lacorte was Greek Orthodox from Smyrna and her father Assaf Kadri was a Sunni Muslim-Turkish high-ranking Ottoman officer born in Damascus, Ottoman Syria. Her father came from a wealthy family. In contrast, Adnan's mother was raised in extreme poverty; her parents met in Smyrna during World War I while her father was serving as Governor of Smyrna.
Though she grew up speaking Greek and Turkish in a primarily Arabic-speaking society, she was educated at French convent schools and French became the language in which her early work was first written. She also studied English in her youth, and most of her later work was first written in this language. She also wrote some pieces in Arabic.
At 24, Adnan traveled to Paris where she received a degree in philosophy from the University of Paris. She then traveled to the United States where she continued graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley and at Harvard University. From 1958 to 1972, she taught philosophy of art at the Dominican University of California in San Rafael.
Adnan returned from the US to Lebanon and worked as a journalist and cultural editor for Al Safa newspaper, a French-language newspaper in Beirut. In addition, she also helped build the cultural section of the newspaper, occasionally contributing cartoons and illustrations.
What I found most fascinating about this essay isn't even Adnan's exploration of the different languages she was taught and the ones she feels at home in, but rather her detailing France's colonisation of Lebanon (1919-1943). Being born in 1925, Adnan was influenced by the imposed French culture like few people before her. She was among the first generation of Lebanese people to be educated in French schools. What Adnan describes is uncanny: it's eerily similar to how France proceeded in its African colonies. Intertwining education and religion, making French and Christianity the staple, while undermining and disparaging Arabic and Islam.
As in many African countries, the nuns who ran the schools taught students to spy on each other and let their teachers know if one of them spoke Arabic during recess. Speaking one's mother tongue was considered a crime worthy of punishment.
During the Second World War, the British Army had some of its quarters in Beirut and the city became more cosmopolitan. It was during that time that Adnan (and her classmates) realised the importance of the English language. The bilingual city Beirut (French-Arabic) became trilingual (+English).
Instead of mingling the languages, three different cultural areas arose. There were Arabic universities, French ones, and English ones. This cultural (and linguistic) division would contribute to the Civil War of future decades.
After her studies, Adnan stayed in the US. During the time of the Algerian war for independence, Adnan writes that she realised that she took sides. She was no longer able to speak French without disdain and contempt. Many years later, she found her acceptance and enjoyment of the French language again, but I found it interesting how she viewed language and politics and personal feelings as one. It's something that people who live in different languages easily understand.
I'll end this review with one of my favorite quotes from this booklet: "Literatur war für mich nie ein Beruf, sondern etwas, das mit Büchern zu tun hatte. Schreiben war wie atmen für mich: einfach etwas, das ich tat."