Les Lettres d'Espagne ont été écrites par Mérimée en 1830 et 1833 pour la Revue de Paris et sont sorties en volume en 1928. Elles ont été éditées un nombre incalculable de fois mais sont mal connues. Ecrites de Madrid, d'Andalousie ou de Valence, elles traitent des grands thèmes de la littérature d'inspiration hispanisante : la mort et l'érotisme rodent, et l'on relève bien entendu là les éléments qui seront à l'origine de Carmen. Il s'agit de l'évocation d'une Espagne à mi-chemin entre romantisme (les bandits au grand coeur, les sorcières, la tauromachie) et froid réalisme, tout à la manière de Mérimée et de son écriture si précise, si juste et distante tellement qu'elle parvient, même en matière de sentiments, à une mise au point de haute précision.
Prosper Mérimée was a French dramatist, historian, archaeologist, and short story writer. He is perhaps best known for his novella Carmen, which became the basis of Bizet's opera Carmen.
Mérimée loved mysticism, history, and the unusual, and may have been influenced by Charles Nodier (though he did not appreciate his works), the historical fiction popularised by Sir Walter Scott and the cruelty and psychological drama of Aleksandr Pushkin. Many of his stories are mysteries set in foreign places, Spain and Russia being popular sources of inspiration.
In 1834, Mérimée was appointed to the post of inspector-general of historical monuments. He was a born archaeologist, combining linguistic faculty of a very unusual kind with accurate scholarship, with remarkable historical appreciation, and with a sincere love for the arts of design and construction, in the former of which he had some practical skill. In his official capacity he published numerous reports, some of which, with other similar pieces, have been republished in his works. He was also responsible for several translations of Pushkin and Gogol, when they weren't known in Europe yet.