历代名著精选集：韩非子

by 韩非

韩非（约前280－前233），战国后期韩国的诸（庶）公子。韩国弱小，处于秦、魏、楚等大国的包围之中。当时，秦国统一天下的形势越来越明朗，韩国首当其冲，面对秦国兵锋的直接威胁，外部压力极大。国内，君主暗弱，重人专权，政出多门，法治不章。鉴于形势严峻，韩非多次上书韩王，建议改革，却未引起重视。韩非为人口吃，不善道说，但长于写作，他的许多文章在各国间流传。秦王政读到《孤愤》《五蠹》，深为感动，不禁叹曰：“嗟乎，寡人得见此人与之游，死不恨矣！”公元前234.年，秦国出兵攻韩，形势危急，韩王派韩非出使秦国，谋求一线生机。韩非企图利用秦王政的好感，施展策术，保存韩国，不料，被在秦国当政的老同学李斯看出了破绽，再加上他贸然发表意见，批评秦的国策，触怒了当地政要，被囚禁起来。第二年，李斯送来毒药，韩非在狱中自杀身亡。汉初，司马迁著《史记》，在《韩非传》中曾提到“《孤愤》《五蠹》《内外储》《说林》《说难》十余万言”，所说篇章俱见今本，全书分量也相仿佛。他还全文转录了《说难》一篇，与今本内容基本一致。末了，司马迁写道：韩非著书“传于后世，学者多有”，“余独悲韩子为《说难》而不能自脱耳”！表达了深深的遗憾和同情。国无常强，无常弱。奉法者强则国强①，奉法者弱则国弱。荆庄王并国二十六，开地三千里，庄王之氓社稷也，而荆以亡②。齐桓公并国三十，启地三千里③；桓公之氓社稷也，而齐以亡④。燕襄王以河为境，以蓟为国，袭涿、方城，残齐、平中山，有燕者重，无燕者轻，襄王之氓社稷也，而燕以亡⑤。魏安鳌王攻赵救燕，取地河东，攻尽陶、魏之地⑥；加兵于齐，私平陆之都⑦；攻韩拔管，胜于淇下⑧；睢阳之事，荆军老而走⑨；蔡、召陵之事，荆军破；兵四布于天下，威行于冠带之国⑩；安嫠死而魏以亡⑩。故有荆庄、齐桓则荆、齐可以霸，有燕襄、魏安嫠则燕、魏可以强。今皆亡国者，其群臣官吏皆务所以乱，而不务所以治也。其国乱弱矣，又皆释国法而私其外@，则是负薪而救火也，乱弱甚矣。【注释】①奉：持也。奉法者，根据下文，应指君主。②荆庄王：即楚庄王，春秋五霸之一。氓：泯也，灭也。泯社稷，指灭他人国家。一说氓，通“亡”，死也。氓社稷，即死于社稷，为社稷而死。亡：指大权旁落。一说指丧失土地。③齐桓公：春秋五霸之一。启：即开，开拓。④齐以亡：齐桓公在管仲辅佐下，九合诸侯，一匡天下，称霸四十年，管仲死后，听信奸佞，身死国乱，故称齐以亡。⑤燕襄王：指燕昭王，马王堆汉墓帛书《战国纵横家书》第十九章有“昭襄王”，陈奇猷以为双谥，犹如秦昭襄王又省称秦昭王。河：黄河。蓟：今属北京。国：指都城。袭：重也，即遮盖在外。涿、方城：皆在蓟之外围，犹如围绕在外加以遮蔽。残齐：指燕昭王二十八年乐毅破齐事。平中山：指燕昭王十七年联合赵国灭中山事。重、轻：谓邻国得燕为党者则重，否则为轻。陈奇猷认为重谓地位增高，轻谓地位降低。燕以亡：燕昭王之后，惠王即位，被燕相公孙操所弑，是所谓燕以亡。⑥陶：定陶。魏：顾广圻认为当作“卫”。⑦私：据为己有故曰私。旧注：言魏加兵于齐平陆以为私都也。⑧管：当为韩地。淇：淇水。⑨老：师久为老。⑩冠带之国：指诸夏。⑨魏以亡：魏安登王死后，国势衰落，故日魏以亡。⑥私其外：指牟取国法之外的私利。……前言初见

Genres: Politics, China

Paperback

Published October 1, 2010

Reviews

[Hải Lưu · Rating 3 out of 5]

Kinh điển thì khỏi phải nói rồi. Nhưng dài quá, cũng nhiều ý lặp. Đọc khá mệt!

[Barack Liu · Rating 5 out of 5]

415-Han Fei Zi-Han Fei-Philosophy-233BC

Barack
2022/04/23

"Han Fei Zhi ", written in about 233 BC. It was compiled by later generations after Han Feizi's death. The book consists of 20 volumes, with a total of 55 articles.

Han Fei was born about 280 BC in Xinzheng (now Henan), South Country Han, and died in 233 BC. He is an ancient Chinese thinker, philosopher, essayist, and representative of the School of Legalism. Han Fei is a master of Legalist thought, integrating Shang Yang's "law", Shen Buha's "skill" and Shendao's "potential", integrating dialectics, simple materialism, and law, leaving a legacy for future generations. Lots of speeches and writings. Its theory has always been the ideological basis for the ruling class to govern the country during the Chinese feudal society.

Li Si and Yao Jia trapped Han Fei and slandered him, saying: "Han Fei is the son of South Country Han. Now if you want to annex the vassal states, Han Fei will eventually go to South Country Han instead of Qin. This is human nature. Now you don't hire him He, keep him for a long time before letting him go back, this is leaving trouble for himself, it is better to punish him according to the law." King Qin thought they were right, so he handed Han Fei over to the judge to convict him. "Li Si ordered someone to send poison to Han Fei and asked him to commit suicide. Han Fei wanted to confess to the King of Qin himself, but he couldn't see it. Later, the King of Qin was very regretful and sent someone to pardon Han Fei. Han Fei was already dead.

Table of Contents
1. Meet Qin for the first time
2. Save Han
3. Unspeakable
4. Love courtier
5. Main Road
6. Have a degree
7. Two handles
8. Young Kwon
9. The Eight Traitors
10. Ten times

Han Fei was born in Country Han. He was not used to much when he was in Country Han. Even if he was treated by King Han in the end, it was because Han Fei was appreciated by King Qin first. Flowers inside the wall and incense outside the wall. Sometimes it's actually a very ironic thing. It's too close, but you don't know how to cherish it.

The victory of the Qin State is still of reference significance to this day. The internal stability of one's own country can withstand unstable external influences. With clear rules and clear rewards and punishments, ordinary people will be more active in doing things supported by the state, and more cautious in avoiding doing things opposed by the state. This is the reason for the victory of the Qin state. Even after more than 2,000 years, this logic is still valid today, because human nature has not changed much.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, we have seen the rise and fall of too many hegemons. When a country is strong, it seems that there is almost no force in the world that can destroy it. But when it really fell into decline, it disintegrated completely. However, when we went to investigate the rapid rise, we found that the foundation had been gradually laid when it was not noticeable in the early stage. The worrying scourge was buried long before it fell apart.

As a monarch, although he has a lot of counselors and wise men to give advice, because everyone's opinions may sound very convincing, and these views maybe tit for tat with each other, each forming a system, so the monarch may have a difficult choice. This is probably similar to the information explosion that ordinary people also face today. The most important thing for people in high positions is judgment and decision-making; they may not be able to come up with a specific plan, but they can grasp the general direction and make decisive decisions. This ability to know the importance is the most important.

The so-called smart people are people who can sum up laws and principles from general phenomena and can put these laws and principles into practice in individual cases. The so-called ordinary people are people who, although they can't summarize these things themselves, can understand and want to achieve when smart people explain the truth clearly. A foolish person, even if he hears a wise person say these things, doesn't understand it; or even though he doesn't understand it, he doesn't do it at all.

There are hundreds of schools of thought, and the theories are various, and they all need to persuade others to listen to their own truth. And if you want others to listen to your own truth, you must plan from the standpoint of others, especially when the object of your lobbying is the king who controls your own net worth and life. A companion is like a tiger. If one sentence is wrong, it may lead to death. Today, we see these strategists in ancient books, and we think that they can achieve fame by moving their mouths, but they are only a very small number of people, and the others do not have the opportunity to meet the king at all or show their dragon face and head People in different places, who have not been recorded in ancient books, are probably a hundred times thousand times more likely. Well said, there are four or two thousand pounds of effect. Saying it badly is like pushing yourself over a cliff. How can you not be careful when you speak?

"Han Feizi" talks about the principle of being a king, and ordinary people should actually learn from it. If you can figure out what it means to be a king, then being a general manager is not a problem. Although the specific things to do are different and the positions they hold are different, the laws and principles should be similar. Similar is the Tao, the same is the art.

Specific things cannot be done. To improve efficiency, the key is to establish laws and rules and do things in accordance with the norms. Governing a country and managing a company is actually like this. Formulate rules that are beneficial to the overall development and strictly enforce them. From the national point of view, this is the law. From the company's point of view, this is the system. Without good laws and systems, everyone would not know how to act. With laws and systems, but they cannot be resolutely enforced, everyone is left with luck and lacks reverence.

Human energy is limited, and it is impossible to cover everything, especially when you are in a high position and have authority. The person who can make achievements is definitely not the person with the strongest personal ability, but the person who fully mobilizes the power of others. Managers do not use the management position to show their intelligence but use this position to let the people under them exert their power. People can't pay attention to the actions of their subordinates all the time, but the rules of the law can always hang there. Whenever there is a penalty for breaking the rules, compliance with the rules should be rewarded. It is because the rules exist all the time that they are lasting. Relying on people's preferences, the people below do not know how to act.

[JLo Tran · Rating 5 out of 5]

Sách của Hàn Phi là một học thuyết đồ sộ để xây dựng một nhà nước: giàu mạnh, ổn định, người dân sống trong nhà nước ấy ấm no hạnh phúc.
Tư tưởng của Hàn Phi hết sức sâu rộng, bao gồm chính trị, pháp luật, triết học, xã hội, kinh tế, quân sự, giáo dục,… trong đó, then chốt chính là tư tưởng chính trị. Ông để tâm suy nghĩ làm sao cho vị vua trong điều kiện xã hội đương thời có thể vận dụng vô số các phương pháp khác nhau để đạt được cục diện chính trị ổn định, để cho nước giàu quân mạnh. Có thể nói “Hàn Phi Tử” là một bộ sách chính trị học vĩ đại và học thuyết chính trị của ông được người xưa gọi là “học thuyết của đế vương” (đế vương chi học).

[Kỳ Lân · Rating 3 out of 5]

Sách cơ bản rất hay nhưng mà khó đọc. Có nhiều câu chuyện và nhân vật để lấy ví dụ minh chứng. Nhưng mình không hiểu được bối cảnh thời ấy và một số nhân vật nữa nên rất khó để liên hệ. Muốn hiểu kỹ lại phải lật google ra xem nhân vật đó là ai? Như thế nào?...

[Nguyễn Vy · Rating 4 out of 5]

Mình đồng tình với hầu hết các quan điểm của Hàn Phi Tử trừ việc không được tin bất kì ai. Đặt trong bối cảnh đó thì có thể hiểu được nhưng thời bây giờ nó không phù hợp với triết lý kinh doanh.

[寻找家园 · Rating 3 out of 5]

本书不是完整版，少了好几篇重要的内容，比如《说疑》、《解老》、《喻老》。2016年高三时做语文作业用了此书。

[Duong · Rating 3 out of 5]

Dễ đọc, hơi dài dòng xíu và nhiều chuyện cứ nhai đi nhai lại, xét về ý tưởng thì hiện giờ không còn mới, nhưng đặt cuốn sách này vào một xã hội có ý thức hệ 100% Khổng Tử thử xem, holy sh!t chứ nhờ 🤣