In 1987, partly in recognition of the disastrous effects of their policies toward the indigenous peoples of the Atlantic Coast, the Sandinista government of Nicaragua approved an "autonomy initiative" that granted limited control of the region's economy and resources to new, locally-elected bodies. This book, based on research and interviews carried out on the Atlantic Coast in 1995, examines the origins and scope of this initiative, and takes stock of its successes and failures five years after it was implemented. This second edition, published in 2016, includes a new preface as well as the original interviews with Miskitu and other activists, scholars, and local leaders.