This is the ninth in a series of annuals from the National Bureau of Economic Research that are designed to stimulate research on problems in applied economics, to bring frontier theoretical developments to a wider audience, and to accelerate the interaction between analytical and empirical research in macroeconomics. Contents On the Speed of Transition in Eastern Europe , Philippe Aghion and Olivier Jean Blanchard • The Costs of Business Cycles with Incomplete Markets , Andrew Atkeson and Christopher Phelan • The U.S. Fiscal Where We Are, How We Got Here and Where We Are Going , Alan Auerbach • The East Asian Miracle Economies , John Page • What Ends Recessions? Christina Romer and David Romer • Toward a Modern Macroeconomic Model Usable for Policy Analysis , Christopher Sims and Eric Leeper
Stanley Fischer was an American and Israeli economist who served as the 20th vice chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2017. Fischer previously served as the 8th governor of the Bank of Israel from 2005 to 2013. Born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), he held dual citizenship in Israel and the United States. He previously served as First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and as Chief Economist of the World Bank. On January 10, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Fischer to the position of Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve. On September 6, 2017, Fischer announced that he was resigning as vice-chair for personal reasons effective October 13, 2017. He was a senior advisor at BlackRock.