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中国简史
法国史学家、汉学家格鲁塞所写的这本《中国简史》，是西方人研究中国历史的经典著作之一。书中，作者以重大的历史事件和历史人物为点，串连起中国上下几千年的历史；又以这些点为基础展开画面，截取出一个个角度独特的视觉面，从华夏的起源一直写到了清王朝的覆灭。同时，作者也不是孤立地来写中国历史，而是将其放入了整个世界历史的大环境当中，通过横向和纵向的对比，从另外一个角度更客观地来看待中国的历史与文明，展现给我们一部不同于以往视角的中国历史。十幅精美插图，使本书显得更加精美和完善。第十五章北魏艺术整个公元4世纪，中国北方的突厥—蒙古人部落，为了争夺统治权而相互厮杀，短命王朝不断出现、又不断灭亡。最后，终于有一个王朝在这场混战里存活下来，并维持了较长时间，这就是拓跋氏鲜卑王朝，也就是魏朝（为了区别于三国时期的魏，后人常称它为拓跋魏，史称北魏）。这个民族在中华的文明史和艺术史上都留下了光辉灿烂的一笔。在五胡乱华初期，拓跋氏鲜卑部落定居在山西最北部。就像欧洲的法兰克人在勃艮第人、西哥特人和伦巴底人一一被打败后的废墟上建立起加洛林帝国①一样，公元396年至公元439年，拓跋氏在消灭或吞并了所有定居在中国北方的其他部落后，统领了整个华北地区。与法兰克人实现了日耳曼文化和拉丁文化的融合一样，拓跋氏在保留鲜卑人传统的同时，也逐渐吸收了一些中原的传统文化。此外，作为中国北方的守护者，他们阻挡了新的入侵者南下，这让汉人对他们产生了一些好感。①公元751年起，加洛林家族开始统治法兰克王国，因此又称加洛林王朝。加洛林帝国的缔造者是著名的查理大帝，他使帝国的版图得到极大扩张，西南至厄布罗河，北临北海，东至易北河和多瑙河，南面包括意大利北半部。当时北方边境的主要威胁者是控制着戈壁的阿瓦尔人（柔然）的蒙古部落，拓跋氏先发制人，远征获得制胜先机，又进行反击决战，终于把这些游牧部落赶回了蒙古腹地，使他们在整个公元5世纪都不敢来犯。为了奠定本家族的大业，北魏皇帝拓跋焘（太武帝，公元424年—452年在位）把自己一生的精力都投入到了双线作战中。第一战线在戈壁，抵御北方游牧部落入侵中原；第二战线在中原，不断压制南京的小朝廷。在一次重要谈话中（这是中国史学家记录下来的），他总结过自己的优势：跟胡人相比，他是半个汉人；跟汉人相比，他是半个胡人。“那些游牧部落，夏天赶着牧群在漠北草场放牧，冬天时才南下劫掠。我们只需要在春天的时候到草原去攻击他们。因为那个时候他们的马匹毫无战斗力，雄马护着马群，雌马惦记着小马驹。我们出其不意，大举进攻，封锁牧场和水源。用不了几天，他们就会束手就擒。”①公元425年，拓跋焘按照这个计策，派出四路骑兵，每人只带15天的干粮，北征戈壁滩。结果，柔然人被打得落花流水，慌忙逃出蒙古大草原，退到了贝加尔湖附近以及鄂尔浑河边的崇山峻岭之中。公元429年，拓跋焘御驾亲征，再次打了柔然人一个措手不及，最终缴获大量车马牛羊。大约过了400年，另一位文明的捍卫者—查理大帝，在匈牙利彻底消灭了这群柔然人仅存的后人。关于拓跋焘处理本民族信仰与中原思想文化之间矛盾的方式，与查理大帝协调日耳曼文化与拉丁文化之间关系的方式，两者之间有何异同，我们可以做进一步对比分析。天神（T
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Published September 1, 2016
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About the author
René Grousset
202 books23 followersRené Grousset (September 5, 1885 – September 12, 1952) was a French historian specializing in Asiatic and Oriental history.
He was born in Aubais, Gard in 1885.
Having graduated from the University of Montpellier with a degree in history he began his distinguished career in the French Ministry of Fine Arts soon afterward. He served in the French army during World War I. In 1925 Grousset was appointed adjunct conservator of the Musee Guimet in Paris and secretary of the Journal asiatique. By 1930 he had published five major works on Asiatic and Oriental civilizations. In 1933 he was appointed director of the Cernuschi Museum in Paris and curator of its Asiatic art collections. He wrote a major work on the Chinese buddhist medieval pilgrim Huien Tsang, particularly emphasising the importance of his visit to the northern Indian buddhist university of Nalanda.
Before the outbreak of World War II, Grousset had published his two most important works, Histoire des Croisades (1934-1936) and L'Empire des Steppes (1939). Dismissed from his museum posts by the Vichy government, he continued his research privately and published three volumes on China and the Mongols during the war. Following the liberation of France, he resumed his curatorship of the Cernuschi Museum and in addition was appointed curator of the Musee Guimet. In 1946, Grousset was made a member of the French Academy. Between 1946 and 1949 he published four final works, concentrating on Asia Minor and the Near East.
-Wikipedia.
He was born in Aubais, Gard in 1885.
Having graduated from the University of Montpellier with a degree in history he began his distinguished career in the French Ministry of Fine Arts soon afterward. He served in the French army during World War I. In 1925 Grousset was appointed adjunct conservator of the Musee Guimet in Paris and secretary of the Journal asiatique. By 1930 he had published five major works on Asiatic and Oriental civilizations. In 1933 he was appointed director of the Cernuschi Museum in Paris and curator of its Asiatic art collections. He wrote a major work on the Chinese buddhist medieval pilgrim Huien Tsang, particularly emphasising the importance of his visit to the northern Indian buddhist university of Nalanda.
Before the outbreak of World War II, Grousset had published his two most important works, Histoire des Croisades (1934-1936) and L'Empire des Steppes (1939). Dismissed from his museum posts by the Vichy government, he continued his research privately and published three volumes on China and the Mongols during the war. Following the liberation of France, he resumed his curatorship of the Cernuschi Museum and in addition was appointed curator of the Musee Guimet. In 1946, Grousset was made a member of the French Academy. Between 1946 and 1949 he published four final works, concentrating on Asia Minor and the Near East.
-Wikipedia.
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