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Μαθήματα Ρητορικής

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Η τέχνη του ρήτορα έγκειται στο να μην αφήσει ποτέ να διαφανεί το τεχνητό. Εξού και το χαρακτηριστικό ύφος, το οποίο όμως είναι προπάντων προϊόν υψηλής τέχνης, όπως ακριβώς και η "φυσικότητα" του καλού ηθοποιού. Ο αληθινός ρήτορας μιλάει έχοντας ως βάση το ήθος του υπ' αυτόν αντιπροσωπευόμενου προσώπου ή πράγματος. Εφευρίσκει τις καλύτερες απολογίες και επιχειρήματα, τα πιο πειστικά λόγια και τους τρόπους του λέγειν. Το αξιοσημείωτο σ' αυτόν τον ρήτορα είναι ότι μέσω της τέχνης του, μέσω μιας αλλαγής προσώπων και μιας σωφροσύνης που τον διέπει, βρίσκει πάντα και στρέφει προς όφελός του κάθε τι που μόνον ο πιο εύγλωττος δικηγόρος του κάθε ανθρώπου και του κάθε κόμματος, ο εγωισμός, θα μπορούσε να βρει. Πρόκειται για μια ανταλλαγή του εγώ. Ο Γκαίτε τονίζει πως όλα τα πρόσωπα που παρουσιάζονται στον Σοφοκλή είναι οι καλύτεροι ρήτορες, διότι όταν έχουν μιλήσει όλοι, έχει κανείς την εντύπωση ότι η υπόθεσή τους είναι η πιο δίκαιη και η καλύτερη. (Από την παρουσίαση στο οπισθόφυλλο του βιβλίου)

«Ρητορεία είναι η ικανότητα να διεγείρουμε και σε άλλους την άποψή μας περί ενός πράγματος ή τη γνώμη μας σχετικά μ' αυτό, να εξάψουμε μέσα τους το συναίσθημά μας γι' αυτό και να τους κάνουμε να μας συμπαθήσουν. Όλα αυτά όμως οδηγώντας μέσω λέξεων το ρεύμα των σκέψεών μας στον εγκέφαλό τους με τόση βία, ώστε αυτό να αναγκάσει το ρεύμα των δικών τους σκέψεων να εκτραπεί [...] και να το συμπαρασύρει στη διαδρομή του. (Arthur Schopenhauer)
Ο Φουκώ υποστήριξε ότι ο Νίτσε ήταν κεντρική μορφή σε μια επιστημολογική μεταμόρφωση που τελικώς θα μεταθέσει τις ανθρωπιστικές επιστήμες σχεδόν αποκλειστικά στη μελέτη του λόγου και της γλώσσας. [...] Οι Χάιντγκερ, Γκάνταμερ, Ντεριντά, Ρικέρ, Λακάν, Φουκώ και άλλοι επηρεάστηκαν πολύ από τον Νίτσε. (C. Blair, S.L. Gilman)

288 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2004

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About the author

Friedrich Nietzsche

4,335 books25.5k followers
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest person to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869 at the age of 24, but resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and afterward a complete loss of his mental faculties, with paralysis and probably vascular dementia. He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother until her death in 1897 and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. Nietzsche died in 1900, after experiencing pneumonia and multiple strokes.
Nietzsche's work spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism and irony. Prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of truth in favour of perspectivism; a genealogical critique of religion and Christian morality and a related theory of master–slave morality; the aesthetic affirmation of life in response to both the "death of God" and the profound crisis of nihilism; the notion of Apollonian and Dionysian forces; and a characterisation of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power. He also developed influential concepts such as the Übermensch and his doctrine of eternal return. In his later work, he became increasingly preoccupied with the creative powers of the individual to overcome cultural and moral mores in pursuit of new values and aesthetic health. His body of work touched a wide range of topics, including art, philology, history, music, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew inspiration from Greek tragedy as well as figures such as Zoroaster, Arthur Schopenhauer, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Wagner, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
After his death, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth became the curator and editor of his manuscripts. She edited his unpublished writings to fit her German ultranationalist ideology, often contradicting or obfuscating Nietzsche's stated opinions, which were explicitly opposed to antisemitism and nationalism. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with fascism and Nazism. 20th-century scholars such as Walter Kaufmann, R.J. Hollingdale, and Georges Bataille defended Nietzsche against this interpretation, and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. Nietzsche's thought enjoyed renewed popularity in the 1960s and his ideas have since had a profound impact on 20th- and early 21st-century thinkers across philosophy—especially in schools of continental philosophy such as existentialism, postmodernism, and post-structuralism—as well as art, literature, music, poetry, politics, and popular culture.

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Profile Image for Leonidas Stavrakis.
1 review
October 20, 2021
Κάνεις:
Απολύτως κάνεις:
Νίτσε: Γιατί γράφω τόσο καλά βιβλία;
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