89: Case for Mars IV: Mission Strategy and Architectures : The International Exploration of Mars : Proceedings of the Fourth Case for Mars Cpmference ... 4-8, 1990, a
Mars Underground was an advocacy group that campaigned for exploration and colonization of Mars. It was founded around 1978 by researchers and graduate students. In 1981, Mars Underground organized the first Case for Mars convention at the University of Colorado. The Case for Mars conventions were held every three years until the sixth and final one in 1996.