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Opere XIV: Regele Lear, Pericle

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William Shakespeare

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William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men after the ascension of King James VI and I of Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs, and even certain fringe theories as to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in the English language. In the last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, in 1623, John Heminge and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, that hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but for all time".

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Profile Image for Valeriu Gherghel.
Author 6 books2,099 followers
January 31, 2026
Îmi dau seama, încă o dată, că tragediile lui Shakespeare au fost compuse pentru a fi ascultate / vizionate. Și nu pentru a fi citite. Dacă Shakespeare ar fi vrut neapărat asta, și-ar fi păstrat, poate, manuscrisele. Fără reprezentarea scenică a piesei, lectura e un adevărat chin.

Găsești pretutindeni o retorică stridentă, niște declarații bombastice, țipătoare și o tramă absolut neverosimilă. Cei răi sînt imposibil de răi. Cei buni sînt imposibil de buni. Cei naivi sînt imposibil de naivi. Bătrînul rege nu merită mila noastră. Nici un personaj nu e credibil. Psihologiile sînt cu totul aiurea. Singura voce cît de cît rezonabilă e aceea a Nebunului. Altfel totul e nonsens. Dacă vrei să pricepi Regele Lear (și pe Shakespeare, în general), ieși din bibliotecă, lasă Opere XIV, aranjează-ți mustața, moaie-ți nasul în odicolonă, pune-ți frac și du-te la teatru, Ophelia... Altfel, vei judeca meschin tragedia lui Shakespeare, precum Lev Nikolaevici Tolstoi, precum George Bernard Shaw odinioară, precum subiscălitul.

Chiar dacă nu sînt întotdeauna de acord cu soluțiile lui George Volceanov și nici nu accept că expresia „consens universal” (p.7) e corectă gramatical (nu e, un lingvist veritabil ar trebui să știe de ce), discuția problemelor de traducere ridicate de „textul” lui Shakespeare e mai captivantă decît cel mai palpitant thriller...

Adeseori, îmi vine să spun că George Volceanov știe mai bine limba engleză decît limba română. Iar notele și explicațiile exegetului (nu prea) mă obligă să regret această insinuare. Cum poți să compui o frază atît de contorsionată, ca aceea în care traducătorul afirmă că în Regele Lear pot fi identificate ecouri din Montaigne (p.11)?

Regele Lear s-a păstrat în două versiuni destul de diferite. Shakespeare își revizuia textele. S-a păstrat o versiune in quarto (formatul paginii) din 1608 (piesa se jucase cu doi ani mai devreme). În 1623, se tipărește postum ediția in folio. Între cele două versiuni există diferențe considerable. George Volceanov le traduce pe amîndouă. Decizia se cuvine salutată...

P. S. Am spus că româna lui George Volceanov e deficitară. Încă un exemplu: „regele din Paflagonia este uzurpat de către fiul său nelegitim” (p.11). Un rege nu poate fi uzurpat, tronul lui, da.
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