This book discusses the development of non-agricultural production in pre-colonial Indian cities. The author's purpose is firstly, to analyse the technological, organisational and social evolution of urban crafts in medieval India along with the economic and socio-political atmosphere in which this sphere of production existed and, secondly, to compare the above-mentioned processes with their counterparts in other medieval societies, especially the better known European ones, and thus ascertain the level that India had achieved in this sphere by the beginning of the colonial era.