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Yaşam Felsefesi

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Kitabn balca vasf olarak, Antik Yunan polisinden günümüze uzanan yolda, çocuk ve genç yetitirmenin kamusal ve insanî önemini ortaya koyarken, fizikî, ahlâkî ve kültürel yönleriyle bir bütün olarak eitim felsefesi üzerine kaleme alnm en temel eserlerden biri olmas gösterilebilir.Bu noktada, Rousseaunun, Tüm yazdklarm içinde en iyi eserim diye takdim ettii Emilein 1762de yaynlandnda lanetlenip, 30 yl sonra, Fransz Devriminin öncüleri için Fransz milli eitiminin ilham kayna addedildii dikkate alndnda, Kantn eitim üzerine sarf ettii sözlerin tarihsel ve toplumsal balam da ortaya çkar. 18.yüzyln ortalarndan 19.yüzyln balarna dek geçen bir ömürlük sürede kta Avrupas büyük bir doumun sanclaryla sarslmaktadr. Öncesi ve sonras diye tarihi ikiye ayran Çifte Devrim (Sanayi ve Fransz Devrimi) büyük bir zihinsel dönüüme yol açmak üzeredir. Kant büyüten, ya da büyüklüüne ayrca deer katan bir unsur da, onun ite bu çan insan olmasdr.Kant, 1806daki Jena Savan ve Napoleon igalinin Alman milleti üzerinde yaratt ok ve deheti göremeden vefat etse de, Wilhelm von Humboldt gibi eitim reformcular araclyla Prusya (genel itibaryla da Alman) eitim sistemi için ne denli önemli bir yol açtn tüm kitap boyunca seziyor gibidir. Bununla birlikte KantnEitim Üzerinesi, milli dilde ibadet edip, okumay yazmay tevik eden Luhterci gelenein Pietizmle kendini yenilemi ve Büyük Frederich tarafndan tevik edilmi olan eitim anlaynn olgunlama çann da bir ürünüdür. Bu sebeple, kitabn tamamna hâkim olan motif, Aydnlanmac bir içsel özgürleim ve ruhanî terbiye arasnda kurulmas gereken büyük dengedir.Bu arka plan dikkate alarak, imdi kitaba biraz daha yakndan bakabiliriz Eitim Üzerine, memleketin saygn çevirmenlerinden biri olan Ahmet Aydoann sunu ve önsözüyle balyor. Üstü kapal fakat sitem dolu bir deerlendirme yazs olan Sapere Aude! Diye Çktk Yola, Kanta sözü teslim etmeden evvel, 30 sayfada, Kantn düünce dünyasndan ne denli uzakta kaldmzn eletirisini yapyor. Bu arada, kitabn ortaya çk öyküsüne de 22.sayfada açklayc bir notla yer veriliyor. Köningsberg Üniversitesinde muhtelif zamanlarda verilen dersler için hazrlanan notlardan derlendii anlalan Eitim Üzerine, modern Türkçenin bir felsefe dili olamamasnn da etkisiyle, çeitli dipnotlar araclyla kavramlarn ve kelimelerin daha anlalr klnd bir hâlde okura sunuluyor.nsan Eitilmesi Gereken Bir Kant, düüncelerini temellendirdii giri sayfalarnda insann eitime muhtaç ten varlk olduu gerçeinden hareket ediyor ve insann ancak eitimle insan olabileceini dile getiriyor. Eitime yönelik bu yaklam, Kantn idealizm felsefesinin gerçeklemesine giden yolu açan anahtarlardan biri saylabilir..

246 pages, Paperback

Published January 1, 2019

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Immanuel Kant

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Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He's regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe & of the late Enlightenment. His most important work is The Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics & epistemology, & highlights his own contribution to these areas. Other main works of his maturity are The Critique of Practical Reason, which is about ethics, & The Critique of Judgment, about esthetics & teleology.

Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.

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