Neuronal plasticity has emerged as a major theme of modern neurobiology for good reason - from cellular and molecular mechanisms of synapse formation in insects and worms to behavioral recovery in stroke patients - the implications are broad-ranging. This volume in the prestigious Progress in Brain Research series focuses on neuroplasticity in mature organisms, covering topics such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the adult primate brain, neural mechanisms for learning and memory, and the influence of environmental factors and aging on the functional potential of the central nervous system. This book also provides challenging evidence that the use of stem cell neurotherapy may be beneficial to humans suffering from various neurological and psychiatric diseases. Integrating new information on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity while highlighting difficult future questions makes this an exciting and timely addition to this dynamic field of research.