«Es una cosa extrañ ¿Debe Kierkegaard significar algo para nosotros, aunque no nos ofrece más que la exigencia de una sinceridad ilimitada y la rica intuición, enorme desde luego, de posibilidades humanas? No hay comparación alguna entre él y los grandes que nos Homero, los trágicos griegos, Dante, Shakespeare, Goethe; no hay comparación alguna entre él y Platón, a quien tanto amaba, ni con Kant, a quien respetaba. En Kierkegaard hay algo esencialmente diferente, algo tremendo, que no nos deja en paz en cuanto se ha comenzado a comprenderlo. Tal vez todo aquel que no se abre a Kierkegaard, o que un buen día lo considera liquidado, permanece hoy pobre e inconsciente. No sabemos lo que es, pero en todo caso es la voz moderna que nos conducea la suprema lucidez y nos hace sentir la máxima exigencia». (Karl Jaspers)
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity (mauvaise foi, literally, 'bad faith') and an "authentic" way of "being" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'Être et le Néant, 1943). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism Is a Humanism (L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture.