کاوش‌های یک سگ

by Franz Kafka, کامل روزدار (Translator)

کافکا در ژوئیه‌ی ۱۸۸۳ در پراگ اتریش به دنیا آمد. سبک نویسندگی او سوررئالیسم است. آثار کافکا عمدتا در مورد تناقضات زندگی می‌باشد. او در مورد خودش می‌گوید: «من یک نویسنده هستم حتی اگر چیزی ننویسم.» او در سال ۱۹۲۴ در وین درگذشت. کافکا «کاوش‌های یک سگ» را در سال ۱۹۲۲ به رشته‌ی تحریر درآورد. اما این داستان بلند پس از مرگ او منتشر شد. عنوان این داستان از ماکس دوست کافکا می‌باشد. قهرمان این داستان، سگی سخن‌گو است که مفهوم زندگی سگ‌ها را مورد تحقیق و پژوهش قرار می‌دهد. این سگ از دیدگاه «من» داستان جریانات و قضایا را نقل می‌کند؛

128 pages, Paperback

Published January 1, 2014

About the author

Franz Kafka was a German-speaking writer from Prague whose work became one of the foundations of modern literature, even though he published only a small part of his writing during his lifetime. Born into a middle-class Jewish family in Prague, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kafka grew up amid German, Czech, and Jewish cultural influences that shaped his sense of displacement and linguistic precision. His difficult relationship with his authoritarian father left a lasting mark, fostering feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inadequacy that became central themes in his fiction and personal writings.
Kafka studied law at the German University in Prague, earning a doctorate in 1906. He chose law for practical reasons rather than personal inclination, a compromise that troubled him throughout his life. After university, he worked for several insurance institutions, most notably the Workers Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. His duties included assessing industrial accidents and drafting legal reports, work he carried out competently and responsibly. Nevertheless, Kafka regarded his professional life as an obstacle to his true vocation, and most of his writing was done at night or during periods of illness and leave. Kafka began publishing short prose pieces in his early adulthood, later collected in volumes such as Contemplation and A Country Doctor. These works attracted little attention at the time but already displayed the hallmarks of his mature style, including precise language, emotional restraint, and the application of calm logic to deeply unsettling situations. His major novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika were left unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. They depict protagonists trapped within opaque systems of authority, facing accusations, rules, or hierarchies that remain unexplained and unreachable. Themes of alienation, guilt, bureaucracy, law, and punishment run throughout Kafka’s work. His characters often respond to absurd or terrifying circumstances with obedience or resignation, reflecting his own conflicted relationship with authority and obligation. Kafka’s prose avoids overt symbolism, yet his narratives function as powerful metaphors through structure, repetition, and tone. Ordinary environments gradually become nightmarish without losing their internal coherence. Kafka’s personal life was marked by emotional conflict, chronic self-doubt, and recurring illness. He formed intense but troubled romantic relationships, including engagements that he repeatedly broke off, fearing that marriage would interfere with his writing. His extensive correspondence and diaries reveal a relentless self-critic, deeply concerned with morality, spirituality, and the demands of artistic integrity. In his later years, Kafka’s health deteriorated due to tuberculosis, forcing him to withdraw from work and spend long periods in sanatoriums. Despite his illness, he continued writing when possible. He died young, leaving behind a large body of unpublished manuscripts. Before his death, he instructed his close friend Max Brod to destroy all of his remaining work. Brod ignored this request and instead edited and published Kafka’s novels, stories, and diaries, ensuring his posthumous reputation.
The publication of Kafka’s work after his death established him as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. The term Kafkaesque entered common usage to describe situations marked by oppressive bureaucracy, absurd logic, and existential anxiety. His writing has been interpreted through existential, religious, psychological, and political perspectives, though Kafka himself resisted definitive meanings. His enduring power lies in his ability to articulate modern anxiety with clarity and restraint.

Reviews

[Mohammad Hrabal · Rating 3 out of 5]

یک داستان همراه با دو نقد و تفسیر
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خوشا به حالمان که این ما نبودیم که مجبور بودیم گناه را به گردن بگیریم، بلکه در دنیایی که توسط دیگران ظلمانی گشته است، با سکوت و تقریبا بی گناه اجازه‌ی شتاب به سوی مرگ را داریم. ص 39 کتاب
زندگی در محدوده‌ی آنچه ممکن است، شکنجه‌ای بیش نیست. ص 91 کتاب

[Mohammad · Rating 4 out of 5]

اثر فوق‌العاده مفهومی و پرمعنا بود.
داستان راجب سگی هست که به دنبال جواب دادن به پرسش‌های ذهنش و کشف محیط اطراف و هستی هست. سگ قادر به درک وجود انسان‌ها نیست و به همین دلیل یه حالت جبر‌گونه براش بوجود میاد، یه نیروی ناشناخته‌ای که روی زندگیش تاثیر می‌زاره و اون قادر به کنترلش نیست و به همین دلیل نمی‌تونه خیلی از سوالاتش رو جواب بده و درنهایت هم با شکست مواجه می‌شه. مهمترین سوال سگ اینه که غذا چجوری بوجود میاد؟ از بالا یا پایین؟
نثر داستان کمی سخت‌خوانه و اگر به کمک دوتا نقدی که داخل همین کتاب وجود داشت نبود من خودم آنچنان مفاهیم عمیق پشتش رو متوجه نمی‌شدم. منظور کافکا از سگ و جامعه‌ی سگان درواقع خود ما انسان‌ها هستیم. کافکا با نوشتن این اثر یک کنایه‌ی بزرگ به جامعه بشری زده. کافکا به خواننده می‌گه:« داستانو خوندی؟ دلت برای سگ سوخت؟ به احمق بودن سگ داری می‌خندی؟ درسته وضعیت این سگ تراژیک و خنده داره ولی توعم دقیقاً تو همین وضع قرار داری!»
کافکا علم رو نقد می‌کنه (البته بنظرم منظورش بد بودن علم نیس بلکه صرفا علم خشک و خالی و همه چیز علمی دیدن رو نمی‌پسنده). دیدگاه پریمیتیویستی (primitivism) یا همون بدوی‌گرایی رو به نمایش می‌زاره اما درنهایت به خواننده می‌گه با اینکه بازگشت به ریشه و آگاهی منشأیی-اسطوره‌ای مارو از تبعیض و طبقه اجتماعی دور نگه می‌داره و باعث آزادی می‌شه اما در جامعه امروزی بهترین کار برای بقا موندن در چارچوب منطق-عقلی است.
من این حس رو گرفتم که انگار کافکا می‌گه راه گریزی از این وضعیت نیست. یه وضعیت پوچ گونه داشت که انگار راه فراری ازش نیست.
اثر ارزش این رو داره که چندین و چندبار خونده بشه. کافکا واقعاً نابغه بوده.