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Kritik der reinen Vernunft/Prolegomena/Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten/Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft
=Critique of Pure Reason/Prolegomena/Foundation for the metaphysics of morals/Metaphysical rudiments of science: Works: Academy Text Issue 4
Die Erfolgsgeschichte der modernen Naturwissenschaften vor Augen, wollte Kant auch die Philosophie, insbesondere die Metaphysik auf den sicheren Weg einer Wissenschaft bringen. Das Ergebnis war jedoch die wohl wirkungsvollste und nachhaltigste Zerstörung metaphysischen Denkens in der neuzeitlichen Philosophie.
Die Erfolgsgeschichte der modernen Naturwissenschaften vor Augen, wollte Kant auch die Philosophie, insbesondere die Metaphysik auf den sicheren Weg einer Wissenschaft bringen. Das Ergebnis war jedoch die wohl wirkungsvollste und nachhaltigste Zerstörung metaphysischen Denkens in der neuzeitlichen Philosophie.
Kant sprach von einer Kopernikanischen Wende. Sie sollte dadurch herbeigeführt werden, dass die philosophische Erkenntnis sich von den Gegenständen selbst auf die Möglichkeit der Erkenntnis derselben zurückwendet. Kritik der reinen Vernunft bedeutet daher vor allem Selbstprüfung des menschlichen Erkenntnisvermögens hinsichtlich seiner Grenzen und Erkenntnismöglichkeiten. Kants für die moderne Philosophie grundlegende Einsicht war, dass erfahrungsunabhängige, also metaphysische Erkenntnis nur in der Einschränkung auf die formalen Bedingungen möglicher Erfahrung beweisbar und damit alle traditionelle Metaphysik nichts als Scheinwissenschaft ist.
Grundvoraussetzung für dieses Projekt ist die Rückführung aller gültigen Erkenntnis auf die im Subjekt angelegten Bedingungen. So wie Raum und Zeit keine Gegenstände, sondern reine, subjektive Anschauungsformen möglichen Gegebenseins von konkreten empirischen Erscheinungen sind, so sind auch die reinen Verstandesbegriffe bloß formale Bedingungen der Einheit möglicher Objekte. Wir erkennen nie die Dinge an sich selbst, sondern nur die Erscheinungen, das heißt die Gegenstände, wie sie uns durch die formalen Bedingungen unseres Erkenntnisvermögens gegeben sind.
Vor allem Kants idealistische Erben wollten sich mit dieser Einschränkung der Erkenntnis auf die Erscheinungswelt nicht zufrieden geben und gingen daher über Kants kritischen Idealismus hinaus. Statt dessen versucht man in der sprachphilosophisch geläuterten, modernen Erkenntnistheorie (Putnam, McDowell) wieder an Kants Kritizismus Anschluss zu finden. --Jens Kertscher
573 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1963
About the author
Immanuel Kant
3,145 books4,569 followersImmanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He's regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe & of the late Enlightenment. His most important work is The Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics & epistemology, & highlights his own contribution to these areas. Other main works of his maturity are The Critique of Practical Reason, which is about ethics, & The Critique of Judgment, about esthetics & teleology.
Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.
Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.
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