Contemporary experience suggests new perspectives on the unemployment problem are needed. To this end a group of social scientists met in Berlin under the auspices of the International Institute of Management's Labor Market Policy Section. This book produces the results of their efforts to initiate new lines of thinking by identifying and discussing the various factors which act to impede higher levels of employment in industrialized countries. Although the maid discussion papers by a wide range of European and American authors concentrated on economic aspects, the discussants' comments also reproduced here emphasizes the crucial role played by political, sociological and institutional factors in existing barriers and thus in any new proposals to achieve full employment.