In support of U.S. Army Europe (Usareur) and U.S. European Command (Eucom), this monograph explores whether and how the U.S. Army is prepared to respond to the challenges posed by Russia to vital American interests in Europe. The monograph first assesses Moscow's motivations and then offers a critical analysis of U.S. and allied efforts to date. Specifically, the monograph examines Western deterrence efforts, force posture, force structure, security cooperation, and information operations-all in an effort to provide an unvarnished, rigorous analysis. The monograph ends with a series of forward-leaning yet practical recommendations designed to strengthen U.S. efforts without significant This text may be appropriate for senior leaders within the U.S. Department of Defense (Dod), Department of State (Dos), foreign policy analysts and lawmakers. Additionally, students pursuing coursework in military science, political science, international relations, and Russian or European studies classes may be interested in this volume for research.