The National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges the contribution of Milap Chand Sharma, Reader, CSRD, JNU; Muzammil Husain Quasmi, Lecturer, IASE, Jamia Millia Islamia; Aruna Gordan, PGT, St. Thomas School, New Delhi and C. Pargi, PGT, KV, Neemuch in the development of this textbook. Acknowledgements are also due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of Education in Social Science and Humanities for her valuable support at every stage of preparation of this textbook. The Council is thankful to the Survey of India for certification of maps given in the textbook. It also gratefully acknowledges the support of individuals and organisations as listed below for providing various photographs and other materials used in the textbook