The social and economic aspects of the aviation arena require that the selection of optimal pilot training candidates includes not only those who will pass the flight training program, but also those who will have the greatest likelihood of success in their aviation careers. This special issue presents six articles on pilot selection, providing insight into each of the three major areas of general, military, and commercial aviation. Topics discussed include pilot training and aptitude, behavioral and cognitive aspects of pilot tests, and the reliability and accuracy of these tests. Also included is a critical overview of the current state of pilot selection, suggestions for improvement, and anticipated future needs in the selection of pilots.