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The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XII: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1920-1921

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Volume XII of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers covers a period of twelve months, from the opening of the UNIA's historic first international convention in New York, in August 1920, to Marcus Garvey's return to the United States in July 1921 after an extended tour of Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, and Belize. In many ways the 1920 convention marked the high-point of the Garvey movement in the United States, while Garvey's tour of the Caribbean, in the winter and spring of 1921, registered the greatest outpouring of popular support for the UNIA in its history. The period covered in the present volume was the moment of the movement's political apotheosis, as well as the moment when the finances of Garvey's Black Star Line went into free ­fall.

Volume XII highlights the centrality of the Caribbean people not only to the convention, but also to the movement. The reports to the convention discussed the range of social and economic conditions obtaining in the Caribbean, particularly their impact on racial conditions. The quality of the discussions and debates were impressive. Contained in these reports are some of the earliest and most clearly enunciated statements in defense of social and political freedom in the Caribbean. These documents form an underappreciated and still underutilized record of the political awakening of Caribbean people of African descent.

472 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2014

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About the author

Marcus Garvey

108 books281 followers
Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., National Hero of Jamaica, was a publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, Black Nationalist, Pan-Africanist, and orator. Marcus Garvey was founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL).

Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement focusing on Africa known as Garveyism. Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam, to the Rastafari movement (which proclaims Garvey as a prophet). The intention of the movement was for those of African ancestry to "redeem" Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave it.

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Profile Image for A YOGAM.
2,784 reviews14 followers
February 18, 2026
Band XII (1920–1921): Die Apotheose der Diaspora
Dieser Band dokumentiert den Moment, in dem die karibische Diaspora zum intellektuellen und politischen Kraftzentrum der UNIA aufsteigt. Die Berichte des ersten Weltkongresses enthalten einige der frühesten und klarsten Forderungen nach sozialer und politischer Freiheit in der Karibik. „Africa for the Africans“ wird hier zum universellen Prinzip der Selbstbestimmung für Menschen afrikanischer Abstammung weltweit. Die Würdigung dieses Bandes hebt das unterbewertete Archiv des karibischen Erwachens hervor: Es ist die Grundsteinlegung für eine Seconde Indépendance, die nicht nur den afrikanischen Kontinent, sondern die gesamte transatlantische Welt umfasst. Trotz des drohenden finanziellen Kollapses der Black Star Line zeigt dieser Band, dass die wahre Macht der Bewegung in der unaufhaltsamen Idee der globalen Freiheit lag.
Dieser Band ist perfekt, um zu zeigen, dass die Unabhängigkeit keine isolierte afrikanische Angelegenheit war. Die hier dokumentierten Debatten bilden das Rückgrat für das, was wir heute als Panafrikanismus verstehen. Es ist die Verbindung zwischen der ökonomischen Vision (Black Star Line) und der rhetorischen Brillanz der karibischen Denker.
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