人物志

by 刘劭

《人物志》一书又名《鉴人智源》或《辨经》，以元气一元论为基础，以阴阳五行的朴素辩证思想为指导，以儒家思想为主，兼融道、法、名、阴阳各家学说，集道德、仁义、才能、功利诸观点，对人的本性、道德、才能、性格以及识别、选取、任用人才的理论和方法作了全面论述。它是一部将人才学、心理学、伦理学和政治学融于一体的论著。《人物志》一书影响深远，清朝末年曾国藩置《人物志》于案头，朝夕研习，其心得融入《冰鉴》一书；20世纪30年代，美国著名心理学家施莱奥克曾将此书翻译成英文，取名《人类能力之研究》，出版后立即风靡西方世界。

26 pages, Kindle Edition

First published April 1, 2010

Reviews

[Barack Liu · Rating 5 out of 5]

314-Ren Wu Zhi-Liu Shao-Philosophy-220

Barack
2021/02/21

"Characters", created in the Three Kingdoms·Wei period ( 220~266 ). It is a metaphysical work that systematically appreciates the talents of characters, and is also an important reference book for studying the academic thoughts of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The book has three volumes and twelve chapters. The book tells about the skills of appraising talents, the methods of quantifying and employing people, and the analysis of human nature.

Liu Shao was born in the Jianning period of the Eastern Han Dynasty ( 168~172 ) and died in the Zhengshi period of Cao Wei ( 240~249 ). He was from Handan, Guangping (now Handan City, Hebei Province). During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei was a minister, thinker, and politician. Liu Shao has extensive knowledge and extensive knowledge of books, and once taught and gave lectures, becoming an intermediate link in promoting the transition from Sinology to Wei Jin metaphysics. Representative works: "Characters", "Zhao Du Fu", "Xu Du Fu", "Luo Du Fu", etc.

Metaphysics, the word "Xuan" here, originated from the phrase "Xuan Zhi and Xuan, the door to all wonders" in Lao Zi. Metaphysics refers to a Confucian philosophical trend that emerged during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is the research and explanation of Laozi, Zhuangzi, and Zhouyi, which originated in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Metaphysics was the mainstream of thought that replaced Han Confucianism during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, that is, "Xuan Yuan Zhi Xue". It used "Ancestor Shu Lao Zhuang" as its theory, and called "Lao Zi", "Zhuang Zi" and "Zhou Yi" as "Three Xuan".

In view of the case of the social structure, economic base, political and social values from the Han to Jin Zhongguo basically unchanged, could not expect to emerge a confrontation with Confucianism and metaphysics guiding ideology was in the ideological field. In fact, is considered the future generations, " metaphysicians ", that time all think of working on classical studies, and made a lot of achievements, " metaphysics " the name that appears after the Wei. Since the dominance of Confucianism, Confucianism has always had a tradition of talking about metaphysics and has taken ethical guidelines as the natural way. Later, Buddhism also belonged to the content of the two Jin Dynasties, so it is a misunderstanding to simply call metaphysics " new Taoism ".

Table of Contents
1. Nine signs first
2. Body second
3. Streaming industry third
4. Material theory fourth
5. Material energy fifth
6. Sixth stake
7. Get to know the seventh
8. Hero eighth
9. Eight Views and Ninth
10. Seventh Myth and Tenth

" The beauty of a husband and a sage is more beautiful than clever; the sky shines on its appearance with three lights, and man is wise to show its glory. What is smart is more expensive than knowing people. Those who are smart in books and calculations are one of the six arts; know in people. Those who are the chief executive of official talents. Knowing people's sincerity and wisdom, then all talents will get their order, and the industry of achievements will flourish. "

No matter how amazing a person's ingenuity is, it is ultimately limited. To big business succeed, it is to be able to put together different talents together for a goal. And to want to be able to make good use of different talents, we must first recognize the different talents. Only talented people put in their appropriate position on, in order to make them play the best utility.


" Yao is known as Keming June, Shun is credited with Dengyong 28, Tang is known as the wise man who pulls out the Xin, and the text is named as the old man of Weibin. "

The so-called " painted dragon difficult to draw a tiger bone, Clothes make the man ", in order to be able to deeply understand a person, it is a very difficult thing. What a person's details are, in this world only he really knows, and others can only speculate based on limited information.

For those in the upper ranks, it is the most important thing to understand the essence of each person as much as possible. Only by understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each person can we put all types of people in the right place. Therefore, "The Analects of Confucius," says, " Government and virtue, for example, Beichen lives in its place and the stars share it. "

" Listen to what he says and watch what he does, it seems that he can't escape. He also said, "watch what he is safe, watch what he is doing", and know what he is doing. Words must agree with the beginning and end, and actions must see the beginning. For the sake of death, the precision and roughness of China and foreign countries can be seen. "

To examine a person, one must thoroughly examine his way of doing things, from the beginning to the process and then to the end, to see how he responds to a series of challenges and accidents, and to understand a person in this way.

" Personal inspection is so detailed. If you don't inspect it, officials will be out of order, and the career of general administration will be barren. "

Before we go to trust a person deeply, we must fully investigate all aspects of it. If we appoint a person without a careful inspection, the risk of problems is great.

"The foundation of a character comes from emotion. Nature is natural, and emotions change due to habit. To observe people and things, we should look for their nature. The reason for emotion is very subtle and not a saint’s observation. Who can investigate it! "

Nature is the core, a person's nature determines how his speech and behavior, and external performance will be. But no one has opened the perspective of God, so it is very difficult to understand the nature of a person. When we understand people, we can only simulate the real situation as realistically as possible through external means. So we have to learn the methods of knowing people so that we can truly understand others as much as possible.

" The quality of a mortal is the most expensive to neutralize. The quality is unpopular, the taste is sweet, and the neutralizer is the foundation of all things and the good land of human feelings. The quality of neutralization must be dull and tasteless, but it is light, so there are five flavors. Harmony. If it is bitter, it cannot be contented. If it is sour, it cannot be salty. Therefore, it can be adjusted into five materials, and the changes should be consistent. Plain and unbiased, the group of materials must be imperial, suitable for use, and without lag. Therefore, to observe a person's quality, one must first observe its plainness and then seek its wisdom. "

There is an important concept in Confucianism, that is, Zhongzheng and peace, which is the so-called Golden Mean. In fact, some people have misunderstood the Golden Mean. The so-called golden mean was not referring to the fence down the sides nice but refers to a right, wisdom accessible in the state.

There are two things that distinguish dynamic and static, people have two properties Conservative and aggressive, overly aggressive or overly Conservative are easy to do, because just follow nature to wanton sway on the line. However, this is the same as only offensive but not defensive, or only defensive but not offensive. It is not enough. Acquired learning, in fact, let us not only take advantage of their strengths but also deliberately circumvent improve their weaknesses, both harmony to get along, to be able to achieve a harmonious situation.

" It is in the body, and the five things are like wood bones, golden tendons, fire and air, earth muscle, water, and blood. The five things are formed by the five things, and the five things are the mother, so the complexion comes from it. The five things have their own reality. There are five different natures, and each has its own endowment. Those with more natural endowments tend to be partial. "

The five-element theory of wood, metal, fire, earth, and water is one of the cornerstones of understanding Chinese philosophy. These 5 basic attributes are mapped to the qualities of a person. So we have a saying about what the five elements lack. Is there any theoretical basis behind this? I don't know, so I can't judge.

" The difference between the five constants is listed as the Five Virtues, so the virtue of being gentle and straightforward, and the virtue of wood. The virtue of being warm and straightforward is also cowardly, and if disturbing and not being persevering, the virtue of gold is also. If you are strong but not persevering, you will be lacking. If you are willing to be respectful and respectful, the virtue of water is also. If you are not respectful, you will be perverse. If you are not respectful, you will be chaotic. It is slow, soft but not standing, then loose. Simple and smooth and clear, the virtue of fire. Simple but not smooth is stagnant, and clear but not clear is cloudy. "

The five virtues are different. Most people may be inclined to one of them, but they are not perfect enough. Those who can achieve one of them to the extreme can be regarded as a person with both ability and political integrity. If we can Wu Zhong virtue almost has, probably to be called saints.

Ordinary people, although they are not born with them. But knowing these things can allow you to learn the day after tomorrow, so as to improve more or less. Of course, some people are not interested in improving their morality at all. If this is the case, there is nothing wrong with it, it's just that the ways are different.

" Therefore, the mind is bright and straight, and its ritual is strong; when the mind is decisive, its ritual advances vigorously; the mind is balanced, and its ritual is peaceful. The husband’s ritual changes into content, each has an attitude: straight tolerant action, corrective action; The movement of rest and Rong, the stumbling of the karma; the movement of De Rong, the stubbornness. "

We say that people have an aura, and different people have different feelings. An upright person is strong on the outside. Determination of the people, the appearance of an expression of the brave progressive, peaceful person, appearance becomes comfortable leisure. The difference between inside and outside, cause we look at a person's words and deeds scales.

By their words and deeds to determine its nature, judging by his speech, he does not look at things not, just look at his work, did not listen to him, the same can not. A comprehensive consideration of speech and behavior can have a deeper grasp and understanding of a person's nature.

"The heart is different, so the voice is also different. The husband's voice is smooth in the breath, and the appearance is true. If the voice is not the voice, the voice is the appearance. Therefore, sincere and benevolent must have gentle color, sincere and courage must be energetic The color of sincerity and wisdom must have the color of understanding. "

The so-called reciprocity, although some people may do an excellent job of concealing their inner appearance, for most people, what they are like inside affects their appearance. If we gradually improve our inner self, then our appearance will gradually change accordingly. The inner is the origin, the outer is the performance. We examine people's appearance, to speculate that he's inherent, but also can pass to change their appearance their inner cultivation.

" However, the quality of flatness lies in the gods, and the gods are the masters of the qualities. Therefore, the quality of the gods is flat and the quality of the gods. The reality of light and darkness lies in the essence, and the essence of the essence is the essence of the essence. It is really dark. The strength of courage and cowardice lies in the tendons, and the strength of tendons is used, so the strength of tendons is courage, and the weakness of tendons is cowardly. The strong and weak are planted in the bone, and the bone is planted at the base, so the strong bone is planted strong. Bone softness is weak. The determination of restlessness and quietness lies in qi, and those who are mad determine the place. Excessiveness depends on irritability, and impulsiveness depends on quietness. The feeling of miserable affection lies in the color, and the affection of the erotic also depends on the affection. Misery, color pleasure is caused by emotions. The form of declining righteousness lies in the appearance of the appearance, so the declining of rituals is caused by the form of dysfunction, and the declining of rituals is caused by the form. It is capacity, positive movement is capacity. The state of urgency lies in the speech. The state of the speaker is also the state of the heart, so if the heart is forgiving, the speech is slow, and the heart is eager. "

The author here further pointed out that the study of people's 9 aspects, from his spirit, tendons, skeleton, smell, look, instrument, appearance, language 9 aspects to examine, and where the essence of God is two aspects.

God, in my understanding, is the core of a person. This concept is very abstract and difficult to describe. This is a spirit we usually talk about. For example, if you have a good rest, you will have a good spirit.

From these 9 into consideration aspects, we will be able to a person's nature have a general judgment. So when we look at a person, we must be comprehensive and multi-angled, instead of just seeing one aspect and being partial.

" The name of a lot of talents is one of the best, and the talent is in the goal of morality, and the degree of the middle of the virtues. Therefore, the talents who are partial to the talents are named after their talents; there are hundreds of skills, each has its own name. , Regard virtue as the goal. Benevolence, justice, courtesy, wisdom, get one of its eyes. People with virtue are more beautiful. Tao can not be said as one, virtue cannot be treated by one side. Nurturing is not for benevolence, and all forms are not for virtue. Condensation. Of course, plain and infinite, who knows its name. It comes from both virtues, and it is called the middle of the mean. It is the middle of the middle, so it is the middle of the mean. The middle is also the eye of the saint. "

The human virtues can be divided into three stages, such as the lowest stage is biased material, which is to have in one respect, such a person to rely on a talent aspect living room to settle down.

And possessing several kinds of talents to achieve a certain aspect of virtue is called commensurate talent. This kind of person can do a good job in one aspect of virtue, but they do not do enough in other aspects.