I read this book together with four other books about poor people: - Poor Economics (Banerjee & Duflo, 2011) [My review] - 岂不怀归:三和青年调查 (Tian 田 & Lin 林, 2020) [My review] - Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City - Behind the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity (Boo, 2012)
1) This book's overview (this note is compiled based on summaries from other websites): Specifically for this book, it describes a new generation of demotivated middle class young people in Japan.
Definition of the down-flowing class: 大意為於全球化之趨勢下及社會階級的變動中,中產階層漸漸失去其特徵及優勢並下沉為下層社會的一群。低收入,沟通能力、生活能力、工作意愿、学习意愿、消费意愿等的全面下降,也可以说是“对全盘人生热情低下”。社会下沉的拉力愈来愈大,当全球社会纷纷向下流动
How large is this phenomenon: 三浦展尤其关注时年30岁左右的年轻人,因为他们呈现出来的“下流化”倾向非常明显。只有12%的男性和17%的女性自认是“上流阶层”,多达48%的男性和31%的女性都把自己归于“下流阶层”。
Two reasons for the down-flowing class: 1) Weak economy of Japan leads to fewer secure-track employment opportunities (e.g., life-long jobs). - 从1997到2007年的10年间,非正规雇佣者就增加了580万人,而正规雇佣者(正社员)人数则减少了371万人。 - 据日本厚生劳动省二〇一五年七月二日公布的上年度“国民生活基础调查概况”显示,2014年日本家庭平均收入为529万日元,这一数据较1994年日本经济高峰值少了整整150万日元;其中超过六成家庭处于平均收入以下,感觉生活困难,同样也创下了历史纪录。 2) There is no survival risks even if a person does not work super hard.
Here are 12 surface level features: 1、年收入不足自己年龄的6倍(单位:千元) 2、不考虑将来的事情,快快活活地过好每一天 3、觉得人应该活出自己的色彩 4、期望做自己喜欢的事情,而不想违心地虚度此生 5、事事嫌麻烦、生活不规整、不修边幅 6、喜欢自己一个人独处 7、生性朴实,不喜欢显眼,不出众 8、服饰不追逐流行而是展现自我风格 9、觉得做饭吃饭是一件很麻烦的事情 10、经常吃零食与快餐 11、呆在家中玩一整天电脑游戏或上网而不会厌倦 12、未婚(男性33岁以上、女性30岁以上)
Other intuitive features: - 喜欢在便利店里阅读廉价周刊的“散漫一族” - 他们的物质生活已经足够温饱甚至小康,但却在物质、精神等各方面失去了向上发展的动力,而甘于平庸。对人生缺乏热情,不喜欢与别人接触是下流人群的主要特征。 - “宅男”们普遍喜欢三种“神器”,个人电脑(Personal Computer)、手机(Pager)和掌上游戏机(Play Station)。三浦展调侃,如果再加上瓶装饮料(PET Bottle)和薯片(Potato Chips),就可以凑成“5P”了。 - “下流女”则对亚文化中的音乐会、跳舞很感兴趣,概括起来就是喜欢唱唱跳跳。 - Perhaps analogy for Chinese society is that people indulge in TV drama, online novel, bilibili, TikTok, and microBlog as their way to reduce pressure. “生活与工作的不如意则在升级打怪口无遮拦的爽文模式下消解了”。“佛系青年”, “丧文化”, “肥宅”. - 廉价的娱乐, 和高频的成瘾. “98.5%的下流社会男性热衷于上网”。“官能文学” - 上流阶层的女性更多地喜欢自己做菜,也尽量多食蔬菜;下流阶层的女性超过40%的人经常不吃早饭,用餐时间不固定、觉得自己做饭很麻烦,也更喜欢光顾比如麦当劳、吉野家等大众连锁餐饮店。
Examples: - 鱼干女:出自日本漫画《萤火虫之光》,女主人公雨宫萤20多岁放弃了恋爱,平日每天下班回家后便沉浸在漫画中,休息日则埋头被窝里呼呼大睡,这是她最大的幸福,活像一条被晾晒的透透的鱼干一样,故称“鱼干女”。 - 便装女:“便装女”是作者三浦展创造的一个词,近年来人数日益增多的一个年轻女性族群,其服装风格以宽大随意、不按常理搭配、戴一顶老派男性帽子为特征,价值观念我行我素、重视一技之长、不愿意当专职家庭主妇等。 - SPA族:特指男性,是日本杂志《SPA!》的主要读者群。他们不勤奋,往往因为无奈才去工作,喜欢去大卖场买西服,无品牌要求,虽有很多业余爱好,但是因为能力的缘故要经常加班而无暇培养,每周的劳动时间都超过50小时。 - More examples are here
Comparison with other generations: - 日本在1920-30年代出生的人,有很多都不喜欢乱花钱消费,物质方面对自己很严苛。正是因为这种严苛,他们在1950-70年代通过勤勉的劳动让日本获得了复兴。这一代人为日本实现了物质上的富裕,但从不认为物质上的富裕就是人类最重要的东西。 优衣库是价廉物美的代表,同时,它也和丰田、花王、7-11这些代表日本的企业拥有一样的体质。 并不追求华丽,也不追求特别的设计感,仅仅从合理的角度入手,注重服装的性能,或者说在同等性能下以更便宜的价格提供大量生产的商品。 - 70后“上流阶层”喜欢阅读、音乐欣赏、在家看碟片、烹饪这些老派和循规蹈矩的生活方式不同,“下流阶层”喜欢追求个性,在职场上按照自己的方式我行我素,喜欢单身的比例也更多。 - After WWII, “无赖派”“透明族”等,这些年轻人都具有一个共同之处,就是不满意现有的社会秩序,也不愿服从既有的规章制度,可是自己又没有明确的理想和目标,因而行动起来往往是盲目的,具有无政府主义、虚无主义的倾向,实际上是一种无奈之下的颓废。 - “上流阶层”的人群往往对人生目标的设计更加理性,懂得自我审视和改变,恰到好处地与现实进行必要的妥协,与周围环境协调共进,所以“上流”和“下流”之间的差距会越拉越大,导致阶层固化。
2) Other social problems of Japan: The upper class people with political power and wealth tend to be more and more family based. E.g., the many families that produce prime ministers.
3) Detailed case study: Interview of a 26-year-old male designer: 留了一级后我终于从大学毕业,开始几年只是做一些零工,后来发觉这样的工作持续下去毫无意义,于是进了一家小型设计公司,收入比打零工时还要少,每月工资才18万日元左右。起初说好公司效益好的时候发奖金,但今年一次也没发过,听说去年发了四次。
Thanks to my great interest in Japanese culture and their movies and dramas, i was not shocked to read this book at all. rather i found this book very mild. I have watched a series of same title documentary reporting the old, middle age, and young people in Japan. I think the problem is the baby-boomers got the prosperity of the society, they got to "upgrade" and " saved" a lot of money but now they are old. their kids are not all as lucky as they are. struggling with the changing economic situations, while some baby-boomers are not yet retired (specially politicians). We used to say once you entered a japanese corporation, it's a life- long job, guarantee for life. This actually ended in baby-boomers. They tend to hire short term employees, even worse, freeters(フリーター furītā). If you watched Japanese dramas, bunches of stories about how the young generations work as freeters and living in web cafe since it's cheaper and more flexible. They dare not get married, just like in the book, they don't have sufficient income, some even dare not to have girl friend, too costly so they prefer to fall in love on line without real contact. I think this phenomenon is pretty much real. I travel regularly to Japan every year, sadly i could not see this side of Japan due to i am there for sightseeing. i wish i could have chance to live in a cheap capsule hotel for a month or 2 to observe the real Japanese life.
Therefore if you don't know a lot about Japan, this book is full of researched data, and some examples, otherwise, you can also check out the documentaries, which makes you more heartbreaking to see. if you were not successful baby-boomers, you are pretty much in a abandoned, lonely and struggling situation. they use the term : 下流老人. (there are lots of clips in youtube.)
"The Society of the Lower Class: The emergence of a new group hierarchy lower classes". The book is about how part of the lower class is growing and the behavior of each class. The "lower class" person never sacrifices any present satisfaction for the sake of a larger future one. He lives from moment to moment. The middle class is shrinking, stagnating, and becoming less secure. The author made an excellent point on growing income inequality in the first chapter, went downhill ever since. To provide a more detailed view of these trends, the author presented multiple sets of statistics reviewing which are based on interviews with groups of people who were born during:
Yet, a set of data is usually n=100, and they are not enough to bring out any phenomenon of the whole population. I guess you can say the data is just for reference because the author made the assumptions however he likes.
For example, in an attempt to prove his theory of "Social stratification caused marring late", he claimed that social class is the reason this celebrity is married to his wife.
"When he said, "I fell in love immediately when I first met her." isn't that because of her social status? Because of her upper-class family."
Such preposterous assumption is all over the place in this book. The whole book could be a column in a magazine instead of being published as a book.