This book provides the fundamental aspects of bionanomaterials and bionanotechnology, and insight into the synthesis and modification of bionanomaterials in a detailed manner. It initiates with a general overview of biotechnology and nanotechnology followed by different strategies and methodology for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Further, it discusses pertinent topics like protein engineering, analysis, mechanism of microbes mediated nano synthesis followed by various challenges and innovation strategies, the role of enzymes in bionanotechnology. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in material sciences, biotechnology, and bionanotechnology.