The material is dated (1974; reprint 1989), but sadly, all of the issues continue to be a problem. The genocide of the indigenous tribes; the importation of African slaves; the later importation of Asians and East Indians as low-paid laborers; and the lateral movements from one island to another depending on plantation labor needs. The U.S. history of invasion, intervention, and attempts to impose control has also left its mark. Yet Mintz concludes that the Caribbean islands may end up leading the wave of independent identity which incorporates populations based on something other than the condition one is born into.