This book presents theoretical and methodological tools that will facilitate research on attachment across the life span, across generations, and across cultures. It starts with the theory in retrospect and prospect. Part Two covers theory and assessment. It provides the theoretical framework, emphasizing the ethological and the psychoanalytic roots of attachment theory. It is concerned with translating theory into measurement. It offers a variety of highly original measures for assessing security in children and adults that have been validated against attachment classifications in infancy. Part Three is organized around issues of adaptation, maladaptation, and intergenerational transmission. Short-term and Long-term adaptations to non-maternal care is examined, relationship between qualilty of attachment and behavior problems in preschool, mother-child interaction and temperament as predictors of behavior problems, along with social transmission of parental behavior. Part Four covers cross-national studies of attachment in infancy.